CP,T and/or CPT Violations in the K0-K0bar System --Implications of the KTeV,NA48 and CPLEAR Results

Possible violation of CP, T and/or CPT symmetries in the \ko-\kob system is studied from a phenomenological point of view. For this purpose, we first introduce parameters which represent violation of these symmetries in mixing parameters and decay amplitudes in a convenient and well-defined way and, treating these parameters as small, derive formulas which relate them to the experimentally measured quantities. We then perform numerical analyses, with the aid of the Bell-Steinberger relation, to derive constraints to these symmetry-violating parameters, firstly paying particular attention to the results reported by KTeV Collaboration and NA48 Collaboration, and then with the results reported by CPLEAR Collaboration as well taken into account. A case study, in which either CPT symmetry or T symmetry is assumed, is also carried out. It is demonstrated that CP and T symmetries are violated definitively at the level of 10^{-4} in $2\pi$ decays and presumably at the level of 10^{-3} in the \ko-\kob mixing, and that the Bell-Steinberger relation helps us to establish CP and T violations being definitively present in the \ko-\kob mixing and to test CPT symmetry to a level of 10^{-4} ~ 10^{-5}.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figure

New Market Development and Activation of Urban Society through Direct Sales in the Restructuring Process of Wholesale Market Distribution (2)

In the context of the reorganization of wholesale market distribution, producers are exploring new means of satisfying consumer needs for face-to-face distribution and safer, higher-quality produce. Therefore, mass retailers who promote local production and local consumption make direct contracts with producers. Similarly, collecting and shipping organizations are open new sales channels. Among them, small producers sell directly with the advantage of pricing rights, saving intermediate costs, reducing working hours, and reducing overwork during the harvest adjustment processes. Agriculture thrives in urban areas due to several aspects and individuals flourish through deepening trust, communication, and exchange. The present study focuses on ensuring fairness of transactions, transparency of information, better local distribution, shipment small quantities of several items, and speed. Based on these realizations, seek profitability and production efficiency, expansion of physical trading space, realization of wide area. The study results guides policy to strengthen the network of producers, between producers and consumers, and between producers and mass retailers in the urban society and to improve the added value of local products and regional information.Off-site wholesale market distributionMass retailerIntermediate costHarvest adjustment processDirect sale

An infrared measurement of chemical desorption from interstellar ice analogues

In molecular clouds at temperatures as low as 10 K, all species except hydrogen and helium should be locked in the heterogeneous ice on dust grain surfaces. Nevertheless, astronomical observations have detected over 150 different species in the gas phase in these clouds. The mechanism by which molecules are released from the dust surface below thermal desorption temperatures to be detectable in the gas phase is crucial for understanding the chemical evolution in such cold clouds. Chemical desorption, caused by the excess energy of an exothermic reaction, was first proposed as a key molecular release mechanism almost 50 years ago. Chemical desorption can, in principle, take place at any temperature, even below the thermal desorption temperature. Therefore, astrochemical net- work models commonly include this process. Although there have been a few previous experimental efforts, no infrared measurement of the surface (which has a strong advantage to quantify chemical desorption) has been performed. Here, we report the first infrared in situ measurement of chemical desorption during the reactions H + H2S -> HS + H2 (reaction 1) and HS + H -> H2S (reaction 2), which are key to interstellar sulphur chemistry. The present study clearly demonstrates that chemical desorption is a more efficient process for releasing H2S into the gas phase than was previously believed. The obtained effective cross-section for chemical desorption indicates that the chemical desorption rate exceeds the photodesorption rate in typical interstellar environments

A Search for N2+ in Spectra of Comet C/2002C1 (Ikeya-Zhang)

We report low- and high-resolution spectra of comet C/2002 C1 (Ikeya-Zhang) from McDonald Observatory. The comet had a well-developed ion tail including CO+, CO2+, CH+, and H2O+. We used our high-resolution spectra to search for N2+. None was detected and we placed upper limits on N2+/CO+ of 5.4 times 10^{-4}. N2+ was detected in the low-resolution spectra but we show that this emission was probably telluric in origin (if cometary, we derive N2+/CO+ = 5.5 times 10^{-3}, still very low). We discuss the implications for the conditions in the early solar nebula of the non-detection of N2+. These depend on whether the H2O ice was deposited in the amorphous or crystalline form. If H2O was deposited in its crystalline form, the detection of CO+ but not N2+ has implications for H2O/H2 in the early solar nebula.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ (Letters) - 10 Sept 200

A new measurement of thermal conductivity of amorphous ice and its implications for the thermal evolution of comets

Very slowly deposited amorphous ice has a thermal conductivity about four orders of magnitude or more smaller than hitherto estimated. Using the exceedingly low value of the thermal conductivity of comets deduced from the properties of amorphous ice leads to the expectation that internal heating of comets is negligible below the outer several tens of centimeters

Penetration of Non-energetic Hydrogen Atoms into Amorphous Solid Water and their Reaction with Embedded Benzene and Naphthalene

Chemical processes on the surface of icy grains play an important role in the chemical evolution in molecular clouds. In particular, reactions involving non-energetic hydrogen atoms accreted from the gaseous phase have been extensively studied. These reactions are believed to effectively proceed only on the surface of the icy grains; thus, molecules embedded in the ice mantle are not considered to react with hydrogen atoms. Recently, Tsuge et al. (2020) suggested that non-energetic hydrogen atoms can react with CO molecules even in ice mantles via diffusive hydrogenation. This investigation was extended to benzene and naphthalene molecules embedded in amorphous solid water (ASW) in the present study, which revealed that a portion of these molecules could be fully hydrogenated in astrophysical environments. The penetration depths of non-energetic hydrogen atoms into porous and non-porous ASW were determined using benzene molecules to be >50 and ~10 monolayers, respectively (1 monolayer ~ 0.3 nm).Comment: 30 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; accepted for publication by Ap