Rational finite elements of class Ck over a quadrangulation

AbstractIn this paper we give a constructive method for rational Ck finite element method in R2 for quadrilateral. For k⩾2, the usual polynomials splines require some supersmoothness at the vertices of the quadrilateral, even when dealing with macro-elements. This is no more a requirement for our rational approach. The process of the construction is illustrated with the help of two examples namely the C1 case and the C2 case

Consumption Survey of Justicia Galeopsis T. Anderson Ex C.B. Clarke (Acanthaceae) a Wild Food Plant in Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge and consumption of Justicia galeopsis, a wild food plant, in Abengourou (Côte d’Ivoire). A survey of food consumption has been conducted among the populations and 100 persons have been interviewed. The data revealed that they all have already consumed J. galeopsis leaves. The main reasons of J. galeopsisleaves consumption refer to nutritional value and flavor. There were always cooking before eating and associated mainly with groundnuts (95%) or gumbo (5%). Twenty-seven percent of consumers every day eat J. galeopsis leaves against 64% who consume once or twice a week, 6% twice a month, 3% occasionally. 6% the populations collected these leaves in the market against 94% who obtained them from their field which is far from the village. Although the fields were far from the village, 74% of population prepares J. galeopsis just after the collect without conservation. The cooking time of leaves associated with peanuts or okra is estimated by 41% of the households at 30 minutes. Five percent prepared them during 45 minutes and 22% during one (1) hour. This study reveals that J. galeopsis is a famous plant in Abengourou. Its leaves are greatly appreciated by all populations studied

Entrepreneurship in Africa: A Comparative Study Between Ivory Coast and Benin

Ivory Coast and Benin are both Africa’s french speaking countries located in West Africa. Border countries and with high growth of the population, the living standards of the population become very difficult. In order to find a solution to regulate this negative impact and improve the living standards of the inhabitants, both governments focus on entrepreneurship. The objectif of this study to compare entrepreneurship in Ivory Coast and entreprneurship in Benin. For this reason, we did our research in Benin and in Ivory coast in 2018 and we found in both countries eight (08) main areas of E.A (commerce, teaching “public and private schools”, transportation, communication including insurance, services, restaurants, bars, hair salon including hairdressers and barbers). To reach this goal, we have organised our research around three steps. The first step consist to compare the indicators of the both countries macroeconomics by focusing on their GDP, the level of employment, the educational rate and the use of energy. the second step was to compare the entreprenarial acivities in both countries, to show the strenghts and some weaknesses and how to solve this harsh phenomenal in order to make those areas more efficient. The last step was to promote the benefits of entrepreneurship for the population and the country. We know that our research is very useful for both countries and the whole africa, this is why in our study, we make recommendations to motivate inhabitants of both countries to create their own small businesses and we also encourage the Government of both Countries to give financial support to skilled inhabitant without revenues to help them to undertake to do their own activities to become independent. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Ivory Coast and Benin, Skills, small business DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/11-16-03 Publication date:June 30th 201

Struggle Bribery in Ghana’s Public Administration by Using Adequate Internal Auditing Profession

The objective of this study is to explore all the elements of bribery in public administration in third countries by focusing our research on Ghana public administration and the techniques used by the internal auditors to struggle them. Nevertheless the questionnaires worn in this research permitted to obtain data from workers of selected public administration in order to clarify the importance of the Law established Internal Audit Agency Act (IAA Act), 2003 (Act 658) to struggle bribery. So after fourteen (14) years, there was an empirical evidence to prove that IAA has a real effect on bribery. However, Internal Audit Agency Act (IAA Act) 2003 (Act 658) has played an important role to maintain financial discipline and clearness. The research has also employed Structural Equation Model (SEM) including conceptual model of bribery, endogenous and exogenous variables to analyze the relation between bribery and an adequate internal audit profession (AIAP) in Ghana through Directors and Managers of selected public administrations. The study examined cautiously the effect the effect of the establishment of Internal Audit Agency Act, 2003 (Act 658) in struggling bribery in public administration in Ghana and gave advices for further research. Keywords: Struggle, Bribery, Public Administration, Internal Auditing, Ghana, Structural Equation Modeling

The core bacteriobiome of Cote d’Ivoire soils across three vegetation zones

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, PRJNA695288.The growing understanding that soil bacteria play a critical role in ecosystem servicing has led to a number of large-scale biogeographical surveys of soil microbial diversity. However, most of such studies have focused on northern hemisphere regions and little is known of either the detailed structure or function of soil microbiomes of sub-Saharan African countries. In this paper, we report the use of high-throughput amplicon sequencing analyses to investigate the biogeography of soil bacteria in soils of Côte d’Ivoire. 45 surface soil samples were collected from Côte d’Ivoire, representing all major biomes, and bacterial community composition was assessed by targeting the V4-V5 hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Causative relationships of both soil physicochemical properties and climatic data on bacterial community structure were infered. 48 phyla, 92 classes, 152 orders, 356 families, and 1,234 genera of bacteria were identified. The core bacteriobiome consisted of 10 genera ranked in the following order of total abundance: Gp6, Gaiella, Spartobacteria_ genera_incertae_sedis, WPS-1_genera_incertae_sedis, Gp4, Rhodoplanes, Pseudorhodoplanes, Bradyrhizobium, Subdivision3_genera_incertae_sedis, and Gp3. Some of these genera, including Gp4 and WPS-1_genera_incertae_sedis, were unequally distributed between forest and savannah areas while other taxa (Bradyrhizobium and Rhodoplanes) were consistently found in all biomes. The distribution of the core genera, together with the 10 major phyla, was influenced by several environmental factors, including latitude, pH, Al and K. The main pattern of distribution that was observed for the core bacteriobiome was the vegetation-independent distribution scheme. In terms of predicted functions, all core bacterial taxa were involved in assimilatory sulfate reduction, while atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) reduction was only associated with the genus Bradyrhizobium. This work, which is one of the first such study to be undertaken at this scale in Côte d’Ivoire, provides insights into the distribution of bacterial taxa in Côte d’Ivoire soils, and the findings may serve as biological indicator for land management in Côte d’Ivoire.The US Agency for International Development (USAID).http://www.frontiersin.org/Microbiologyam2024BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant PathologySDG-15:Life on lan

Numerical Quenching for Heat Equations with Coupled Nonlinear Boundary Flux

In this paper, we study a numerical approximation of the following problem ut = uxx, vt = vxx, 0 < x < 1, 0 < t < T; ux(0, t) = u−m(0, t) + v−p(0, t), vx(0, t) = u−q (0, t) + v−n(0, t) and ux(1, t) = vx(1, t) = 0, 0 < t < T, where m, p, q and n are parameters. We prove that the solution of a semidiscrete form of above problem quenches in a finite time only at first node of the mesh. We show that the time derivative of the solution blows up at quenching node. Some conditions under which the non-simultaneous or simultaneous quenching occurs for the solution of the semidiscrete problem are obtained. We establish the convergence of the quenching time. Finally, some numerical results to illustrate our analysis are given