Optimisation du procédé traditionnel de maltage du sorgho pour la production de boissons fermentées

La présente étude a évalué les conditions d’optimisation des procédés traditionnels de maltage du sorgho au Bénin. L’objectif est d’améliorer, à l’échelle semi-industrielle, la production et la qualité du malt de sorgho. L’étude s’est déroulée en deux phases. La première phase a consisté en une enquête technologique au cours de laquelle la technologie traditionnelle de production de malt a été suivie et des échantillons de malt collectés. Dans la deuxième phase, la technologie traditionnelle a été reproduite en conditions contrôlées au laboratoire en faisant varier les différents paramètres de maltage que sont la durée de trempage et la durée de germination. Les résultats ont montré qu’il existe une grande variabilité au niveau des caractéristiques physicochimiques des malts collectés auprès des productrices de boissons maltées. L’analyse de variance a révélé que la durée de trempage et la durée de germination ont un effet significatif sur l’extrait sec, le pH, le pouvoir diastasique et le rapport α/β-amylasique des malts dérivés. Une analyse en composantes principales a été effectuée sur les caractéristiques des malts produits en conditions contrôlées et les conditions optimales de production de malt de qualité adéquate ont été établies.Keywords: Sorgho, malt, pouvoir diastasique, germination, fermentation, optimisatio

Microbial contamination associated with the processing of tchachanga, a roasted meat product

This study aimed to assess the microbiological contamination and quality of tchachanga, a roasted meat braised product processed at traditional scale in Benin, West Africa. A survey was performed to collect samples of tchachanga and data related to hygienic conditions of the roasted meat processing environment. A total of 60 samples of tchachanga including skewers, roasted meat and seasoned wrapped meat were collected from different processing sites in Cotonou, Benin. The main food borne microorganisms involved were investigated using standard methods. Moreover, a follow-up of tchachanga processing was performed to identify contamination factors of the product. In this respect, samples were collected at certain steps during the processing, and various microorganisms such as coliforms, pathogenic Staphylococcus and Salmonella were traced. The number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria in different products ranged between 6.47±0.61 and 6.93±0.43 Log (cfu/g). Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and Staphylococci ranged from 1.59 to 4.79, 1.00 to 3.2 and 3.49 to 5.2 Log (cfu/g), respectively. No significant differences were observed in the microbial count of different types of tchachanga investigated, but different processing methods had significant changes in the microbial content of the samples as a result of the processing environments and the ingredients used. The presence of Salmonella sp. was observed in all products.Keywords: Street food, Tchachanga, meat, microbiology, qualityAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(18), pp. 2449-245

Phenotypic characters of yeasts isolated from kpete-kpete, a traditional starter of a Benin opaque sorghum beer

Opaque sorghum beers are the most consumed African alcoholic beverages. Tchoukoutou is one of the Benin opaque sorghum beers. Its fermentation process is carried out using a traditional starter called kpete-kpete. The present study characterized and identified the yeasts isolated from kpete-kpete. A total of 24 samples of kpete-kpete were collected from eight different commercial processing sites in Northern Benin. The mean values of the pH, titrable acidity, dry matter content and refractive index for all samples were respectively 3.58; 0.07% as lactic acid; 16.61% and 7.0. The mean counts of yeasts was 9.24 log cfu/ml. Based on their phenotypic characters and their assimilation profiles, 49 yeasts were isolated and found to belong to five genera with seven species. Seventy one percent (71%) of the isolates were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Key words: Sorghum beer, tchoukoutou, kpete-kpete, yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Modeling-Dependent Protein Characterization of the Rice Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Superfamily Reveals Distinct Functional and Structural Features

The completion of the rice genome sequence has made it possible to identify and characterize new genes and to perform comparative genomics studies across taxa. The aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene superfamily encoding for NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes is found in all major plant and animal taxa. However, the characterization of plant ALDHs has lagged behind their animal- and prokaryotic-ALDH homologs. In plants, ALDHs are involved in abiotic stress tolerance, male sterility restoration, embryo development and seed viability and maturation. However, there is still no structural property-dependent functional characterization of ALDH protein superfamily in plants. In this paper, we identify members of the rice ALDH gene superfamily and use the evolutionary nesting events of retrotransposons and protein-modeling–based structural reconstitution to report the genetic and molecular and structural features of each member of the rice ALDH superfamily in abiotic/biotic stress responses and developmental processes. Our results indicate that rice-ALDHs are the most expanded plant ALDHs ever characterized. This work represents the first report of specific structural features mediating functionality of the whole families of ALDHs in an organism ever characterized

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Grape Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Gene Superfamily

The completion of the grape genome sequencing project has paved the way for novel gene discovery and functional analysis. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) comprise a gene superfamily encoding NAD(P)(+)-dependent enzymes that catalyze the irreversible oxidation of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. Although ALDHs have been systematically investigated in several plant species including Arabidopsis and rice, our knowledge concerning the ALDH genes, their evolutionary relationship and expression patterns in grape has been limited.A total of 23 ALDH genes were identified in the grape genome and grouped into ten families according to the unified nomenclature system developed by the ALDH Gene Nomenclature Committee (AGNC). Members within the same grape ALDH families possess nearly identical exon-intron structures. Evolutionary analysis indicates that both segmental and tandem duplication events have contributed significantly to the expansion of grape ALDH genes. Phylogenetic analysis of ALDH protein sequences from seven plant species indicates that grape ALDHs are more closely related to those of Arabidopsis. In addition, synteny analysis between grape and Arabidopsis shows that homologs of a number of grape ALDHs are found in the corresponding syntenic blocks of Arabidopsis, suggesting that these genes arose before the speciation of the grape and Arabidopsis. Microarray gene expression analysis revealed large number of grape ALDH genes responsive to drought or salt stress. Furthermore, we found a number of ALDH genes showed significantly changed expressions in responses to infection with different pathogens and during grape berry development, suggesting novel roles of ALDH genes in plant-pathogen interactions and berry development.The genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analysis of grape ALDH genes should facilitate research in this gene family and provide new insights regarding their evolution history and functional roles in plant stress tolerance

The Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Circadian Rhythms of Microcystis aeruginosa

Background: The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the principal bloom-forming cyanobacteria present in a wide range of freshwater ecosystems. M. aeruginosa produces cyanotoxins, which can harm human and animal health. Many metabolic pathways in M. aeruginosa, including photosynthesis and microcystin synthesis, are controlled by its circadian rhythms. However, whether xenobiotics affect the cyanobacterial circadian system and change its growth, physiology and biochemistry is unknown. We used real-time PCR to study the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the expression of clock genes and some circadian genes in M. aeruginosa during the light/dark (LD) cycle. Results: The results revealed that H 2O 2 changes the expression patterns of clock genes (kaiA, kaiB, kaiC and sasA) and significantly decreases the transcript levels of kaiB, kaiC and sasA. H2O2 treatment also decreased the transcription of circadian genes, such as photosynthesis-related genes (psaB, psbD1 and rbcL) and microcystin-related genes (mcyA, mcyD and mcyH), and changed their circadian expression patterns. Moreover, the physiological functions of M. aeruginosa, including its growth and microcystin synthesis, were greatly influenced by H 2O 2 treatment during LD. These results indicate that changes in the cyanobacterial circadian system can affect its physiological and metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Our findings show that a xenobiotic can change the circadian expression patterns of its clock genes t

Two Homologous Putative Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, OsPFA-DSP2 and AtPFA-DSP4, Negatively Regulate the Pathogen Response in Transgenic Plants

Protein phosphatases, together with protein kinases, regulate protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, and play critical roles in plant growth and biotic stress responses. However, little is known about the biological functions of plant protein tyrosine dual-specificity phosphatase (PFA-DSP) in biotic stresses. Here, we found that OsPFA-DSP2 was mainly expressed in calli, seedlings, roots, and young panicles, and localized in cytoplasm and nucleus. Ectopic overexpression of OsPFA-DSP2 in rice increased sensitivity to Magnaporthe grisea (M. grisea Z1 strain), inhibited the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and suppressed the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes after fungal infection. Interestingly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtPFA-DSP4, which is homologous to OsPFA-DSP2, also exhibited sensitivity to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000), reduced accumulation of H2O2 and decreased photosynthesic capacity after infection compared with Col-0. These results indicate that OsPFA-DSP2 and AtPFA-DSP4 act as negative regulators of the pathogen response in transgenic plants

A remarkable synergistic effect at the transcriptomic level in peach fruits doubly infected by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Peach latent mosaic viroid

[EN] Background: Microarray profiling is a powerful technique to investigate expression changes of large amounts of genes in response to specific environmental conditions. The majority of the studies investigating gene expression changes in virus-infected plants are limited to interactions between a virus and a model host plant, which usually is Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. In the present work, we performed microarray profiling to explore changes in the expression profile of field-grown Prunus persica (peach) originating from Chile upon single and double infection with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd), worldwide natural pathogens of peach trees. Results: Upon single PLMVd or PNRSV infection, the number of statistically significant gene expression changes was relatively low. By contrast, doubly-infected fruits presented a high number of differentially regulated genes. Among these, down-regulated genes were prevalent. Functional categorization of the gene expression changes upon double PLMVd and PNRSV infection revealed protein modification and degradation as the functional category with the highest percentage of repressed genes whereas induced genes encoded mainly proteins related to phosphate, C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism and also protein modification. Overrepresentation analysis upon double infection with PLMVd and PNRSV revealed specific functional categories over- and underrepresented among the repressed genes indicating active counter-defense mechanisms of the pathogens during infection. Conclusions: Our results identify a novel synergistic effect of PLMVd and PNRSV on the transcriptome of peach fruits. We demonstrate that mixed infections, which occur frequently in field conditions, result in a more complex transcriptional response than that observed in single infections. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time that the simultaneous infection of a viroid and a plant virus synergistically affect the host transcriptome in infected peach fruits. These field studies can help to fully understand plant-pathogen interactions and to develop appropriate crop protection strategies.We thank Drs M.A. Perez-Amador y J. Gadea for helping in the result analysis. This work was supported by grant BIO2011-25018 from the Spanish granting agency Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica for the transcriptomic analyses and from the grant 2009CL0020 from the bilateral project INIA-Chile/CSIC-Spain for the phytosanitary evaluation. MC Herranz was the recipient of a contract from the Juan de la Cierva program of the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Herranz Gordo, MDC.; Niehl, A.; Rosales, M.; Fiore, N.; Zamorano, A.; Granell Richart, A.; Pallás Benet, V. (2013). A remarkable synergistic effect at the transcriptomic level in peach fruits doubly infected by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Peach latent mosaic viroid. Virology Journal. 10:11-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-164S111510Pallas V, Garcia JA: How do plant viruses induce disease? Interactions and interference with host components. J Gen Virol 2011, 92: 2691-2705.Whitham SA, Yang C, Goodin MM: Global impact: elucidating plant responses to viral infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2006, 19: 1207-1215.Havelda Z, Varallyay E, Valoczi A, Burgyan J: Plant virus infection-induced persistent host gene downregulation in systemically infected leaves. Plant J 2008, 55: 278-288.Aranda M, Maule A: Virus-induced host gene shutoff in animals and plants. Virology 1998, 243: 261-267.Whitham SA, Quan S, Chang HS, Cooper B, Estes B, Zhu T, Wang X, Hou YM: Diverse RNA viruses elicit the expression of common sets of genes in susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Plant J 2003, 33: 271-283.Liu Y, Ren D, Pike S, Pallardy S, Gassmann W, Zhang S: Chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species are involved in hypersensitive response-like cell death mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Plant J 2007, 51: 941-954.Hadidi A, Barba M: Economic impact of pome and stone fruit viruses and viroids. In Virus and Virus Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits. Edited by: Hadidi A, Barba M, Candresse T, Jelkmann W. St Paul, MN: American Phytopathological Society; 2011:1-8.Flores R, Delgado S, Rodio ME, Ambros S, Hernandez C, Serio FD: Peach latent mosaic viroid: not so latent. Mol Plant Pathol 2006, 7: 209-221.Pallas V, Aparicio F, Herranz MC, Amari K, Sanchez-Pina MA, Myrta A, Sanchez-Navarro JA: Ilarviruses of Prunus spp.: A continued concern for fruit trees. Phytopathology 2012,102(12):1108-1120.Rowland O, Jones JD: Unraveling regulatory networks in plant defense using microarrays. Genome Biol 2001,2(1):1001.1-1001.3.Trinks D, Rajeswaran R, Shivaprasad PV, Akbergenov R, Oakeley EJ, Veluthambi K, Hohn T, Pooggin MM: Suppression of RNA silencing by a geminivirus nuclear protein, AC2, correlates with transactivation of host genes. J Virol 2005, 79: 2517-2527.Senthil G, Liu H, Puram VG, Clark A, Stromberg A, Goodin MM: Specific and common changes in Nicotiana benthamiana gene expression in response to infection by enveloped viruses. J Gen Virol 2005, 86: 2615-2625.Marathe R, Guan Z, Anandalakshmi R, Zhao H, Dinesh-Kumar SP: Study of Arabidopsis thaliana resistome in response to cucumber mosaic virus infection using whole genome microarray. Plant Mol Biol 2004, 55: 501-520.Agudelo-Romero P, Carbonell P, de la Iglesia F, Carrera J, Rodrigo G, Jaramillo A, Perez-Amador MA, Elena SF: Changes in the gene expression profile of Arabidopsis thaliana after infection with Tobacco etch virus. Virol J 2008, 5: 92.Itaya A, Matsuda Y, Gonzales RA, Nelson RS, Ding B: Potato spindle tuber viroid strains of different pathogenicity induces and suppresses expression of common and unique genes in infected tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2002, 15: 990-999.Huang Z, Yeakley JM, Garcia EW, Holdridge JD, Fan JB, Whitham SA: Salicylic acid-dependent expression of host genes in compatible Arabidopsis-virus interactions. Plant Physiol 2005, 137: 1147-1159.Rizza S, Conesa A, Juarez J, Catara A, Navarro L, Duran-Vila N, Ancillo G: Microarray analysis of Etrog citron (Citrus medica L.) reveals changes in chloroplast, cell wall, peroxidase and symporter activities in response to viroid infection. Mol Plant Pathol 2012,13(8):852-864.Golem S, Culver JN: Tobacco mosaic virus induced alterations in the gene expression profile of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2003, 16: 681-688.Dardick C: Comparative expression profiling of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves systemically infected with three fruit tree viruses. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2007, 20: 1004-1017.Hull R: In Matthews’ Plant Virology. London: Edited by Academic Press; 2002.Gonzalez-Jara P, Tenllado F, Martinez-Garcia B, Atencio FA, Barajas D, Vargas M, Diaz-Ruiz J, Diaz-Ruiz JR: Host-dependent differences during synergistic infection by Potyviruses with potato virus X. Mol Plant Pathol 2004, 5: 29-35.Gonzalez-Jara P, Atencio FA, Martinez-Garcia B, Barajas D, Tenllado F, Diaz-Ruiz JR: A Single Amino Acid Mutation in the Plum pox virus Helper Component-Proteinase Gene Abolishes Both Synergistic and RNA Silencing Suppression Activities. Phytopathology 2005, 95: 894-901.Vance VB: Replication of potato virus X RNA is altered in coinfections with potato virus Y. Virology 1991, 182: 486-494.Garcia-Marcos A, Pacheco R, Martianez J, Gonzalez-Jara P, Diaz-Ruiz JR, Tenllado F: Transcriptional changes and oxidative stress associated with the synergistic interaction between Potato virus X and Potato virus Y and their relationship with symptom expression. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2009, 22: 1431-1444.Postnikova OA, Nemchinov LG: Comparative analysis of microarray data in Arabidopsis transcriptome during compatible interactions with plant viruses. Virol J 2012, 9: 101.Zanchin A, Bonghi C, Casadoro G, Ramina A, Rascio N: Cell enlargement and cell separation during peach fruit development. International Journal of Plant Science 1994, 155: 49-56.Herranz MC, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Aparicio F, Pallas V: Simultaneous detection of six stone fruit viruses by non-isotopic molecular hybridization using a unique riboprobe or ‘polyprobe’. J Virol Methods 2005, 124: 49-55.Pallas V, Mas P, Sanchez-Navarro JA: Detection of plant RNA viruses by nonisotopic dot-blot hybridization. Methods Mol Biol 1998, 81: 461-468.Lilly ST, Drummond RS, Pearson MN, MacDiarmid RM: Identification and validation of reference genes for normalization of transcripts from virus-infected Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011, 24: 294-304.Cosgrove JD: Expansive growth of plant cell walls. Plant Physiol Biochem 2000,38(1–2):109-124.Tessitori M, Maria G, Capasso C, Catara G, Rizza S, De Luca V, Catara A, Capasso A, Carginale V: Differential display analysis of gene expression in Etrog citron leaves infected by Citrus viroid III. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007, 1769: 228-235.Rizza S, Capasso C, Catara A, Capasso A, Conte E, Catara A Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists-IOCV, pp. XVII. In Transcriptional response of Troyer citrange, sour orange and alemow rootstocks to Citrus viroid IIIb (CVd-IIIb) infection. Adana, Turkey: Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists; 2010:142-149. http://www.ivia.es/iocv/Owens RA, Tech KB, Shao JY, Sano T, Baker CJ: Global analysis of tomato gene expression during Potato spindle tuber viroid infection reveals a complex array of changes affecting hormone signaling. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2012, 25: 582-598.Ogundiwin EA, Marti C, Forment J, Pons C, Granell A, Gradziel TM, Peace CP, Crisosto CH: Development of ChillPeach genomic tools and identification of cold-responsive genes in peach fruit. Plant Mol Biol 2008, 68: 379-397.Sánchez-Navarro JA FA, Rowhani A, Pallás V: Comparative analysis of ELISA, nonradioactive molecular hybridization and PCR for the detection of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in herbaceous and prunus host. Plant Pathol 1998, 47: 780-786.Astruc N, Marcos JF, Macquaire G, Candresse T, Pallas V: Studies on the diagnosis of hop stunt viroid in fruit trees: Identification of new hosts and application of a nucleic acid extraction procedure based on non-organic solvents. Eur J Plant Pathol 1996, 102: 837-846.Myrta A, Di Terlizzi B, Pallas V, Savino V: Viruses and viroids of apricot in the Mediterranean: incidence and biodiversity. Acta Horticulturae 2006, 701: 409-417.Bouzayen M, Latché A, Nath P, Pech JC: Mechanism of fruit ripening. In Plant Developmental Biology- Biotechnological Perspectives: Volume I Edited by: Pua EC, Darvey MR. 2010, 319-339. Chapter 16Trainotti L, Bonghi C, Ziliotto F, Zanin D, Rasori A, Casadoro G, Ramina A, T P: The use of microarray mPEACH 1.0 to investigate transcriptome changes during transition from pre-climateric to climacteric phase in peach fruit. Plant Sci 2006, 170: 606-613.Lombardo VA, Osorio S, Borsani J, Lauxmann MA, Bustamante CA, Budde CO, Andreo CS, Lara MV, Fernie AR MFD: Metabolic profiling during peach fruit development and ripening reveals the metabolic networks that underpin each developmental stage. Plant Physiol 2011,157(4):1696-1710.Manganaris GA RA, Bassi D, Geuna F, Ramina A, Tonutti P, Bonghi C: Comparative transcript profiling of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit development and on-tree ripening. Tree Genet Genomes 2011, 7: 609-616.Uyemoto JK, Scott SW: Important diseases of Prunus caused by viruses and other graft-transmissible pathogens in California and South Carolina. Plant Dis 1992, 76: 5-11.Li J, Yang H, Peer WA, Richter G, Blakeslee J, Bandyopadhyay A, Titapiwantakun B, Undurraga S, Khodakovskaya M, Richards EL, et al.: Arabidopsis H+-PPase AVP1 regulates auxin-mediated organ development. Science 2005, 310: 121-125.Paponov IA, Paponov M, Teale W, Menges M, Chakrabortee S, Murray JA, Palme K: Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of auxin responses in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 2008, 1: 321-337.Padmanabhan MS, Goregaoker SP, Golem S, Shiferaw H, Culver JN: Interaction of the tobacco mosaic virus replicase protein with the Aux/IAA protein PAP1/IAA26 is associated with disease development. J Virol 2005, 79: 2549-2558.Padmanabhan MS, Shiferaw H, Culver JN: The Tobacco mosaic virus replicase protein disrupts the localization and function of interacting Aux/IAA proteins. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2006, 19: 864-873.Padmanabhan MS, Kramer SR, Wang X, Culver JN: Tobacco mosaic virus replicase-auxin/indole acetic acid protein interactions: reprogramming the auxin response pathway to enhance virus infection. J Virol 2008, 82: 2477-2485.Kuhn JM, Boisson-Dernier A, Dizon MB, Maktabi MH, Schroeder JI: The protein phosphatase AtPP2CA negatively regulates abscisic acid signal transduction in Arabidopsis, and effects of abh1 on AtPP2CA mRNA. Plant Physiol 2006, 140: 127-139.Whenham RJ, Fraser RSS, Brown LP, Payne JA: Tobacco-mosaic-virus-induced increase in abscisic-acid concentration in tobacco leaves: Intracellular location in light and dark-green areas, and relationship to symptom development. Planta 1986, 168: 592-598.Bari R, Jones JD: Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses. Plant Mol Biol 2009, 69: 473-488.Kotchoni SO, Kuhns C, Ditzer A, Kirch HH, Bartels D: Over-expression of different aldehyde dehydrogenase genes in Arabidopsis thaliana confers tolerance to abiotic stress and protects plants against lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Plant Cell Environ 2006, 29: 1033-1048.Mowla SB, Cuypers A, Driscoll SP, Kiddle G, Thomson J, Foyer CH, Theodoulou FL: Yeast complementation reveals a role for an Arabidopsis thaliana late embryogenesis abundant (LEA)-like protein in oxidative stress tolerance. Plant J 2006, 48: 743-756.Amari K, Diaz-Vivancos P, Pallas V, Sanchez-Pina MA, Hernandez JA: Oxidative stress induction by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus infection in apricot seeds. Physiol Plant 2007, 131: 302-310.Gilroy EM, Hein I, van der Hoorn R, Boevink PC, Venter E, McLellan H, Kaffarnik F, Hrubikova K, Shaw J, Holeva M, et al.: Involvement of cathepsin B in the plant disease resistance hypersensitive response. Plant J 2007, 52: 1-13.Kruger J, Thomas CM, Golstein C, Dixon MS, Smoker M, Tang S, Mulder L, Jones JD: A tomato cysteine protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance and suppression of autonecrosis. Science 2002, 296: 744-747.Bernoux M, Timmers T, Jauneau A, Briere C, De Wit PJ, Marco Y, Deslandes L: RD19, an Arabidopsis cysteine protease required for RRS1-R-mediated resistance, is relocalized to the nucleus by the Ralstonia solanacearum PopP2 effector. Plant Cell 2008, 20: 2252-2264.Shabab M, Shindo T, Gu C, Kaschani F, Pansuriya T, Chintha R, Harzen A, Colby T, Kamoun S, van der Hoorn RA: Fungal effector protein AVR2 targets diversifying defense-related cys proteases of tomato. Plant Cell 2008, 20: 1169-1183.Van Esse HP, Van’t Klooster JW, Bolton MD, Yadeta KA, Van Baarlen P, Boeren S, Vervoort J, De Wit PJ, Thomma BP: The Cladosporium fulvum virulence protein Avr2 inhibits host proteases required for basal defense. Plant Cell 2008, 20: 1948-1963.Song J, Win J, Tian M, Schornack S, Kaschani F, Ilyas M, van der Hoorn RA, Kamoun S: Apoplastic effectors secreted by two unrelated eukaryotic plant pathogens target the tomato defense protease Rcr3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106: 1654-1659.Tian M, Win J, Song J, van der Hoorn R, van der Knaap E, Kamoun S: A Phytophthora infestans cystatin-like protein targets a novel tomato papain-like apoplastic protease. Plant Physiol 2007, 143: 364-377.Rooney H, Van’t Klooster J, Van der Hoorn R, Joosten M, Jones J: Cladosporium Avr2 inhibits tomato Rcr3 protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance. Science 2005, 308: 1783-1786.Auger AJ: Tomato ringspot virus associated with brownline disease on prune trees in Chile. Acta Horticulturae 1989, 235: 197-204.Herrera G: Enfermedades causadas por virus en frutales en Chile. Santiago, Chile: Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria; 2001. Boletín INIA N°52. 65pFiore N, Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic N, Infante R, Myrta A, Pallás V: Detection of Peach latent mosaic viroid in stone fruits from Chile. In Option Méditerranéennes, Sér. B/n°45 –Virus ad virus-like disease of stone fruits, with particular reference to the Mediterranean region Edited by: Myrta A, Di Terlizzi B, Savino V. 2003, 143-145.Torres H, Gómez G, Pallás V, Stamo B, Shalaby A, Aouane B, Gavriel I, Kominek P, Caglayan K, Sipahioglu M, et al.: Detection by tissue printing of stone fruit viroids, from europe, the mediterranean and north and south America. Acta Horticulturae 2004, 657: 379-383.Peiró A, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JA: Simultaneous detection of eight viruses and two viroids affecting stone fruit trees by using a unique polyprobe. Eur J Plant Pathol 2012,132(4):469-475.Meisel L, Fonseca B, Gonzalez S, Baeza-Yates R, Cambiazo V, Campos R, Gonzalez M, Orellana A, Retamales J, Silva H: A rapid and efficient method for purifying high quality total RNA from peaches (Prunus persica) for functional genomics analyses. Biol Res 2005, 38: 83-88.Van Gelder RN, Von Zastrow ME, Yool A, Dement WC, Barchas JD JHE: Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990,87(5):1663-1667.Tusher VG, Tibshirani R, Chu G: Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98: 5116-5121.Sanchez-Navarro JA, Canizares MC, Cano EA, Pallas V: Simultaneous detection of five carnation viruses by non-isotopic molecular hybridization. J Virol Methods 1999, 82: 167-175