El repte del cibertext: ensenyar literatura en el món digital

En aquest article s'analitza el paper canviant de la literatura i del discurs literari en el paisatge mediàtic contemporani. L'erudició literària podria mantenir la seva important posició en el món digitalitzat, però això requereix un diàleg obert amb els estudis culturals i de mitjans. L'atenció recau principalment en el camp incipient de la literatura digital. Tot i que la publicació digital i les edicions amb hipertext tenen conseqüències significatives per a la recerca i l'educació, és la cibertextualitat, en particular, la que canvia fonamentalment les nocions de literatura

The Scent of a Book – The Book and the Environments of Reading

nonPeerReviewe

Human papillomavirus infections in early childhood – Immune response and disease outcome in The Finnish Family HPV Study Cohort

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects epithelial cells on the skin or mucosa. It is an important risk factor for cervical cancer and head and neck cancers. A child may acquire HPV infection during childhood, even before birth. However, our knowledge of HPV prevalence and HPV‐specific immunity in children is limited. In the present study, the prevalence of oral HPV infection among 331 infants was elucidated. Further, HPV 16‐specific cell‐mediated immune response was studied in 56 children, aged from 10 to 16 years, who either 1) had a mother with a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or 2) had a HPV‐egative mother or 3) had HPV DNA detected in placenta and/or cord blood or 4) had persistent oral HPV or 5) remained constantly HPV‐negative during a six‐year follow‐up period. HPV was detected in 18% of the 331 infants up to two months of age: HPV 16 was the most prevalent genotype, followed by HPV 6, 11, 18, 33, and 66. The HPV genotypes and the serum antibodies for HPV capsid protein L1 were concordant between mother and newborn. HPV DNA in the placenta was the most powerful predictor (OR=14.0;95%CI,3.7‐52.2;P=.0001) of oral HPV in the newborn. A majority of 56 children showed HPV 16‐specific proliferative T cell response. The cytokine production of T cells indicated a more predominant Th2 response in children who had had HPV‐positive placenta and/or cord blood. These results support the view that an infected mother transmits HPV to her newborn. The placenta is a substantive route for HPV transmission and might also play a role in the development of HPV‐specific immunity. HPV 16‐specific proliferative T cell response was common in children, indicating a prior HPV 16 infection.Ihmisen papilloomavirusinfektiot varhaislapsuudessa ja niihin liittyvä immuunivaste – HUPA‐kohorttitutkimus Papilloomavirus (HPV, human papillomavirus) infektoi ihon ja limakalvojen epiteelisoluja. HPV‐infektio on tärkein kohdunkaulan syövän ja merkittävä pään‐ ja kaulan alueiden syöpien riskitekijä. HPV‐infektion voi saada jo varhaislapsuudessa tai jopa ennen syntymää. Lasten HPV‐infektioista ja niihin liittyvästä immunologiasta tiedetään kuitenkin hyvin vähän. Tämä väitöskirjatutkimus on osa Finnish Family HPV Study‐seurantatutkimusta. Työn tarkoituksena oli selvittää HPV‐infektioiden ja veren seerumin HPV L1 ‐kuoriproteiinille spesifisten vasta‐aineiden esiintymistä 331 vastasyntyneellä kahden kuukauden ikään saakka sekä niiden mahdollista yhteyttä äidin HPV‐infektioihin. Lisäksi työssä selvitettiin HPV 16 ‐spesifisen soluvälitteisen immuunivasteen esiintymistä lapsilla 10–16 vuoden iässä. Kuuden vuoden seurannan tulosten perusteella tutkimukseen valittiin 56 lasta seuraavasti: 1) lapset, joiden äideillä oli löydetty syövän esiastemuutos kohdunkaulan limakalvolta, 2) lapset, joiden äidit olivat olleet HPV‐negatiivisia, 3) lapset, joiden istukka ja/tai napaverinäyte oli syntymän hetkellä HPV‐positiivinen, 4) lapset, joilla oli löydetty persistoiva suun HPV‐infektio ja 5) lapset, joiden suunäytteet olivat olleet aina HPV‐negatiivisia. Suun limakalvon HPV‐infektio todettiin ensimmäisen kahden elinkuukauden aikana 18 %:lla 331 vastasyntyneestä. Yleisimmin esiintyi HPV 16 yksin tai muiden genotyyppien kanssa. Seuraavaksi yleisimpiä olivat HPV ‐genotyypit 6, 11, 18, 33 ja 66. Lapselta ja äidiltä osoitetut HPV‐genotyypit olivat yhtenevät. Lisäksi lapselta löydettiin yhden kuukauden iässä HPV‐spesifisiä vasta‐aineita samoille HPV ‐genotyypeille kuin äidiltä ennen synnytystä. Istukan HPV‐positiivisuus oli voimakkain ennustekijä vastasyntyneen suun HPV‐positiivisuudelle. HPV 16‐spesifinen T‐solujen proliferaatiovaste löydettiin suurimmalla osalla tutkituista 56 lapsesta. T‐solujen sytokiinieritys ilmensi voimakkaampaa Th2‐soluvastetta niillä lapsilla, joiden istukka tai napaveri oli todettu HPV ‐positiiviseksi. Tulokset osoittavat HPV‐infektion todennäköisesti siirtyvän infektoituneesta äidistä vastasyntyneeseen. Istukalla on tärkeä osuus virustartunnassa ja todennäköisesti myös HPV‐spesifisen immuniteetin muodostumisessa. Suurimmalla osalla tutkituista 56 lapsesta todettiin HPV 16 ‐proteiineja tunnistavia immunologisia muistisoluja, mikä viittaa aikaisempaan HPV 16 ‐infektioonSiirretty Doriast

The 'genetic' effect : Can parties' past organizational choices condition the development of their internal distribution of power in the cartel party era? Evidence from Finland, 1983-2017

This study critically assesses the claim of the cartel party theory that the party in central office (PCO) has lost its powers to the party in public office (PPO) as parties have adapted to various changes in their operating 'environment'. The study argues that a party's tendency to adapt is conditioned by the party's 'genetic' heritage: if the PCO assumed a prominent position during the party's institutionalization, it can more likely stand against external pressures compared to a PCO that has been traditionally weak. The study compares the development (1983-2017) of two Finnish parties, which hail from polar 'genetic' traditions: a social democratic mass party and a conservative cadre party. The change of the party 'environment' has strongly supported PCO's decay. Unlike earlier longitudinal studies on intra-party power balance, the study assesses all significant power dimensions and finds a contradictory development: while the distribution of leadership positions and resources increasingly favour the PPO in both parties, significant 'genetic' differences in the distribution of formal decision-making power have not diminished at all. If statutory regulations matter, the results suggest that the PPO cannot 'insulate' like the cartel model expects in parties where the PCO's strong role has been strictly codified.Peer reviewe

Story beats in videogames as value-driven choice-based unit operations

We present a framework of story beats, defined as microunits of dramatic action, as a tool for the ludonarrative analysis of videogames. First, we explain the Goal - Action - Reaction - Outcome model of the story beat. Then, we present six types of story beats, Action, Interaction, Inaction, Mental, Emotion, and Sensory, providing videogame examples for each category. In the second half of the paper, we contextualise this framework in the classic game studies theory of videogame narrative and player action: unit operations, gamic action, anatomy of choice, and game design patterns, wrapping it up in the most recent trends in cognitive narratology. Ultimately, we present the story beat as a ludonarrative unit, working simultaneously as a ‘unit operation’ in the study of games as systems, and as a microunit of character action in narrative analysis. The conclusion outlines prospective directions for using story beats in formal, experiential, and cultural game research.We present a framework of story beats, defined as microunits of dramatic action, as a tool for the ludonarrative analysis of videogames. First, we explain the Goal - Action - Reaction - Outcome model of the story beat. Then, we present six types of story beats, Action, Interaction, Inaction, Mental, Emotion, and Sensory, providing videogame examples for each category. In the second half of the paper, we contextualise this framework in the classic game studies theory of videogame narrative and player action: unit operations, gamic action, anatomy of choice, and game design patterns, wrapping it up in the most recent trends in cognitive narratology. Ultimately, we present the story beat as a ludonarrative unit, working simultaneously as a ‘unit operation’ in the study of games as systems, and as a microunit of character action in narrative analysis. The conclusion outlines prospective directions for using story beats in formal, experiential, and cultural game research

The imperative of expertise: why and how the professionalisation of policymaking transforms political parties?

This study analyses professional policy experts in political parties. While recent studies have described the characteristics of ‘unelected politicians’, the drivers for their emergence and impact on democracy have not yet been fully elaborated. We examine these aspects via Finnish party elite interviews (n=79). We challenge the traditional party professionalization narrative where parties’ increasing publicity management efforts diminish intra-party democracy (IPD) and parties’ political ambitions. We find that in addition to campaign, media, and democratic needs, political parties in Finland are concerned especially by their policymaking capacity that has shifted to experts of public administration and lobbyists, and which parties seek to strengthen with the recruitment of more political employees. This elevates the role of partisan policy professionals within political parties, a perspective that has been downplayed in party organisation literature. We call this the imperative of expertise and conclude that while it likely limits traditional IPD, it can improve representative democracy by enhancing parties’ policy control against the technocratic tendencies of contemporary democracy

Rautatielain vaikutus Kotkan ja Haminan satamille ja niihin liittyville teollisuusalueille

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli tutkia, millaisia vaikutuksia rautatielain uudistuksella on satamalle. Tarkoituksena oli selvittää raideliikenteen nykyisiä käytäntöjä kyselytutkimuksen avulla. Lisäksi opinnäytetyössä pyrittiin vertailemaan järjestelmästandardeja satamayhtiön turvallisuusjohtamisjärjestelmää varten. Työssä tutustuttiin turvallisuusjohtamiseen, järjestelmästandardeihin ja uuden lain luonnokseen kirjallisuuskatsauksella. Lisäksi raideliikenteen nykyisiä käytäntöjä Kotkan ja Haminan satamissa toimivissa yrityksissä tutkittiin kyselytutkimuksella. Kyselyllä selvitettiin yritysten nykyisiä raideturvallisuuteen liittyviä toimintamalleja ja menetelmiä sekä edellytyksiä uuden lain vaatimusten ja velvoitteiden hoitamiseksi. Kirjallisuuskatsauksella saatiin selkeä kuva nykyisistä järjestelmästandardeista ja uuden lain luonnoksen velvoitteista. Kyselytutkimuksella saatiin osittain selvitettyä satamassa toimivien yritysten raideturvallisuuskäytäntöjä. Lakiuudistuksen täytäntöönpanon jälkeen yksityisiltä radanhaltijoilta vaaditaan turvallisuusjohtamisjärjestelmää, turvallisuuslupaa ja liikenteenohjausta, mikä vaatii lisäpanostusta resursseihin. Työssä ehdotetaan satamayhtiön hallinnoimaa menettelyä, jossa satamassa toimivat yksityiset radanhaltijat hakevat turvallisuusluvan yhdessä, järjestävät liikenteenohjauksen ja tekevät yhteistyötä turvallisuusjohtamisjärjestelmän toteuttamisessa.Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications is preparing amendments to Finnish railway legislation. The purpose of these amendments is to implement nationwide Interoperability Directive and amending Directive on Railway Safety Directive. The objective of the thesis was to determine what kind of an effect the new railway law has to port operations in Kotka and Hamina. The aim was to explore what is the present state of practices that are used by enterprises operating in ports. This was studied by the survey. The purpose was also to compare the system standards for the ports’ safety management system. In this study there is a presentation of the port of Kotka, the key parts of safety management and safety legislation. There is also a comparison of the management system standards. The law requires a safety permit, safety management system and providing traffic control from the infrastructure manager. The present state of safety practices in the enterprises operating in ports of Kotka and Hamina is quite satisfactory, although there are some improvements to be made. The thesis proposes a procedure managed by the port company in which railway infrastructure managers operating in the port apply for a safety permit together, provide a joint traffic control and cooperate in the implementation of safety management system

International gaming: comparative survey research on digital gaming

Computer and console gaming has become a major entertainment sector around the globe. Still, the diffusion rates and the general acceptance of gaming vary between countries. There is some anecdotal evidence that there are countries and regions which are more open to technological advancement and gaming in particular. However, until now, researchers had to rely mostly on market research and industry information when trying to identify the state of gaming in their respective countries. In a unique effort to solve the problem of missing cross-national research, this panel brings together several international teams of researchers, presenting several large-scale surveys in a comparative manner

Revamping the menu – or just offering what’s in stock? : Candidate list volatility in open-list PR systems : Evidence from Finland

Why do parties change candidate lists between elections? Although candidate list volatility is an important indicator of the responsiveness of electoral representation, it has received little attention in research. We offer a critical case study of party list volatility in Finland, using a candidate-centred open-list proportional (PR) electoral system with ideal conditions for ‘ultra-strategic’ party behaviour. Our explorative two-stage research design begins with party elite interviews, to extract factors that can affect list volatility, which in the following step are tested in a regression analysis of 564 party lists in parliamentary elections 1983–2019. Our results show that list formation is a complex phenomenon, where demand and supply factors interact in a contingent fashion. Following trends of voter dealignment, personalization and ‘electoral-professionalization’ of parties, volatility has increased over time. Electoral defeats and declining party membership increase volatility, but a member-driven mass-party heritage that limits party elites’ strategic capacity has a stabilizing effect.Peer reviewe