34 research outputs found
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central
and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in
the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in
sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical
problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression
may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based
on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population
of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocininduced
diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined
intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the
myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons
and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes
observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm
the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an
increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of
the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are
particularly intense in the small intestines
Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Resolve Lipid Load in High Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice by Mitochondria Donation
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) increasingly emerge as an option to ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a serious disease, which untreated may progress to liver cirrhosis and cancer. Before clinical translation, the mode of action of MSC needs to be established. Here, we established NASH in an immune-deficient mouse model by feeding a high fat diet. Human bone-marrow-derived MSC were delivered to the liver via intrasplenic transplantation. As verified by biochemical and image analyses, human mesenchymal stromal cells improved high-fat-diet-induced NASH in the mouse liver by decreasing hepatic lipid content and inflammation, as well as by restoring tissue homeostasis. MSC-mediated changes in gene expression indicated the switch from lipid storage to lipid utilization. It was obvious that host mouse hepatocytes harbored human mitochondria. Thus, it is feasible that resolution of NASH in mouse livers involved the donation of human mitochondria to the mouse hepatocytes. Therefore, human MSC might provide oxidative capacity for lipid breakdown followed by restoration of metabolic and tissue homeostasis
Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)-Phthalate (DEHP) Causes Impaired Adipocyte Function and Alters Serum Metabolites
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), an ubiquitous environmental contaminant, has been shown to cause adverse effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in epidemiological studies, but the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. We therefore tested the
hypothesis that chronic DEHP exposure causes impaired insulin sensitivity, affects body weight, adipose tissue (AT) function and circulating metabolic parameters of obesity resistant 129S6 mice in vivo. An obesity-resistant mouse model was chosen to reduce a potential obesity bias of DEHP effects on metabolic parameters and AT function. The metabolic
effects of 10-weeks exposure to DEHP were tested by insulin tolerance tests and quantitative assessment of 183 metabolites in mice. Furthermore, 3T3-L1 cells were cultured with DEHP for two days, differentiated into mature adipocytes in which the effects on insulin
stimulated glucose and palmitate uptake, lipid content as well as on mRNA/protein expression of key adipocyte genes were investigated.We observed in female mice that DEHP treatment causes enhanced weight gain, fat mass, impaired insulin tolerance, changes in circulating adiponectin and adipose tissue Pparg, adiponectin and estrogen expression. Serum metabolomics indicated a general increase in phospholipid and carnitine concentrations. In vitro, DEHP treatment increases the proliferation rate and alters glucose uptake in adipocytes. Taken together, DEHP has significant effects on adipose tissue (AT) function and alters specific serum metabolites. Although, DEHP treatment led to significantly impaired insulin tolerance, it did not affect glucose tolerance, HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, insulin or triglyceride serum concentrations. This may suggest that DEHP treatment does not cause impaired glucose metabolism at the whole body level
COMP-Angiopoietin-1 Recovers Molecular Biomarkers of Neuropathy and Improves Vascularisation in Sciatic Nerve of ob/ob Mice
mice. mice displayed regeneration of small-diameter endoneural microvessels. Effects of COMP-Ang-1 corresponded to increased phosphorylation of Akt and p38 MAPK upon Tie-2 receptor. mice suggesting COMP-Ang-1 as novel treatment option to improve morphologic and protein expression changes associated with diabetic neuropathy
Leptin receptor-deficient <em>db/db</em> mice show significant heterogeneity in response to high non-heme iron diet.
Recent studies have shown an association between iron homeostasis, obesity and diabetes. In this work, we investigated the differences in the metabolic status and inflammation in liver, pancreas and visceral adipose tissue of leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice dependent on high iron concentration diet. 3-month-old male BKS-Leprdb/db/JOrlRj (db/db) mice were divided into two groups, which were fed with different diets containing high iron (29 g/kg, n = 57) or standard iron (0.178 g/kg; n = 42) concentrations for 4 months. As anticipated, standard iron-fed db/db mice developed obesity and diabetes. However, high iron-fed mice exhibited a wide heterogeneity. By dividing into two subgroups at the diabetes level, non-diabetic subgroup 1 (<13.5 mmol/l, n = 30) significantly differed from diabetic subgroup two (>13.5 mmol/l, n = 27). Blood glucose concentration, HbA1c value, inflammation markers interleukin six and tumor necrosis factor α and heme oxygenase one in visceral adipose tissue were reduced in subgroup one compared to subgroup two. In contrast, body weight, C-peptide, serum insulin and serum iron concentrations, pancreatic islet and signal ratio as well as cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels were enhanced in subgroup one. While these significant differences require further studies and explanation, our results might also explain the often-contradictory results of the metabolic studies with db/db mice
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central
and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in
the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in
sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical
problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression
may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based
on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population
of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocininduced
diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined
intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the
myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons
and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes
observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm
the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an
increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of
the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are
particularly intense in the small intestines
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central
and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in
the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in
sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical
problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression
may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based
on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population
of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocininduced
diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined
intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the
myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons
and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes
observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm
the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an
increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of
the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are
particularly intense in the small intestines
Inflammatory mechanisms in the pathophysiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DN) — new aspects
The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is complex, and various pathogenic pathways have been proposed. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is warranted for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize recent evidence from experiments using animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes showing that low-grade intraneural inflammation is a facet of diabetic neuropathy. Our experimental data suggest that these mild inflammatory processes are a likely common terminal pathway in diabetic neuropathy associated with the degeneration of intraepidermal nerve fibers. In contrast to earlier reports claiming toxic effects of high-iron content, we found the opposite, i.e., nutritional iron deficiency caused low-grade inflammation and fiber degeneration while in normal or high non-heme iron nutrition no or only extremely mild inflammatory signs were identified in nerve tissue. Obesity and dyslipidemia also appear to trigger mild inflammation of peripheral nerves, associated with neuropathy even in the absence of overt diabetes mellitus. Our finding may be the experimental analog of recent observations identifying systemic proinflammatory activity in human sensorimotor diabetic neuropathy. In a rat model of type 1 diabetes, a mild neuropathy with inflammatory components could be induced by insulin treatment causing an abrupt reduction in HbA1c. This is in line with observations in patients with severe diabetes developing a small fiber neuropathy upon treatment-induced rapid HbA1c reduction. If the inflammatory pathogenesis could be further substantiated by data from human tissues and intervention studies, anti-inflammatory compounds with different modes of action may become candidates for the treatment or prevention of diabetic neuropathy
Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DN): New Aspects
The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is complex, and various pathogenic pathways
have been proposed. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is warranted for developing
novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize recent evidence from experiments using animal
models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes showing that low-grade intraneural inflammation is a facet
of diabetic neuropathy. Our experimental data suggest that these mild inflammatory processes
are a likely common terminal pathway in diabetic neuropathy associated with the degeneration
of intraepidermal nerve fibers. In contrast to earlier reports claiming toxic effects of high-iron
content, we found the opposite, i.e., nutritional iron deficiency caused low-grade inflammation
and fiber degeneration while in normal or high non-heme iron nutrition no or only extremely mild
inflammatory signs were identified in nerve tissue. Obesity and dyslipidemia also appear to trigger
mild inflammation of peripheral nerves, associated with neuropathy even in the absence of overt
diabetes mellitus. Our finding may be the experimental analog of recent observations identifying
systemic proinflammatory activity in human sensorimotor diabetic neuropathy. In a rat model of
type 1 diabetes, a mild neuropathy with inflammatory components could be induced by insulin
treatment causing an abrupt reduction in HbA1c. This is in line with observations in patients with
severe diabetes developing a small fiber neuropathy upon treatment-induced rapid HbA1c reduction.
If the inflammatory pathogenesis could be further substantiated by data from human tissues and
intervention studies, anti-inflammatory compounds with different modes of action may become
candidates for the treatment or prevention of diabetic neuropathy
Inflammatory Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DN): New Aspects
The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is complex, and various pathogenic pathways
have been proposed. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is warranted for developing
novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize recent evidence from experiments using animal
models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes showing that low-grade intraneural inflammation is a facet
of diabetic neuropathy. Our experimental data suggest that these mild inflammatory processes
are a likely common terminal pathway in diabetic neuropathy associated with the degeneration
of intraepidermal nerve fibers. In contrast to earlier reports claiming toxic effects of high-iron
content, we found the opposite, i.e., nutritional iron deficiency caused low-grade inflammation
and fiber degeneration while in normal or high non-heme iron nutrition no or only extremely mild
inflammatory signs were identified in nerve tissue. Obesity and dyslipidemia also appear to trigger
mild inflammation of peripheral nerves, associated with neuropathy even in the absence of overt
diabetes mellitus. Our finding may be the experimental analog of recent observations identifying
systemic proinflammatory activity in human sensorimotor diabetic neuropathy. In a rat model of
type 1 diabetes, a mild neuropathy with inflammatory components could be induced by insulin
treatment causing an abrupt reduction in HbA1c. This is in line with observations in patients with
severe diabetes developing a small fiber neuropathy upon treatment-induced rapid HbA1c reduction.
If the inflammatory pathogenesis could be further substantiated by data from human tissues and
intervention studies, anti-inflammatory compounds with different modes of action may become
candidates for the treatment or prevention of diabetic neuropathy