Innervation of skin of buttock area

Introduction. The innervation of skin of buttock area in literature is lit so far not enough. Data of educational literature and big neurologic grants come down to short transfer of nerves with the instruction in drawings of an approximate zone of their distribution. Work purpose. To investigate an innervation of skin of buttock area

Stable carbon isotope composition of ambient VOC and its use in the determination of photochemical ages of air masses

Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition measurements can provide valuable information about the processing of trace gases in the atmosphere. Not only can it be used to distinguish physical processes such as dilution and mixing from photochemical ageing, but it can also be an important tool in identification of sources, in calculating the photochemical age and qualitatively and quantitatively connecting precursors with their atmospheric products. Even though isotopic composition analysis is a valuable technique, its use is hindered by the low concentrations of compounds in the atmosphere, complexity of the samples and complex measuring instrumentation. The intention of this research project was to develop and validate sampling and instrumental analysis techniques that can be used to perform isotopic composition measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and to apply these methods to analysis of ambient samples. Since most VOC are present in the atmosphere in sub-ppbv to ppbv levels and more than 1 ng of carbon is required for isotopic analysis, collection of large volumes of air is required. A method based on sampling onto cartridges filled with an adsorbent (Carboxene-569) for VOC collection in the field has been developed. VOC are selectively collected by passing large volumes (up to 100 L) of air through the cartridges. Thermal desorption of VOC from the cartridges is followed by two step cryogenic trapping and separation by gas chromatography. Once separated, all VOC are oxidized in a combustion interface. The isotopic composition of resulting carbon dioxide is then determined on-line by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Various validation tests were performed in order to test accuracy and precision of both the preconcentration system and sampling-desorption procedure. The newly developed sampling and analysis techniques were applied in field studies: Border air quality study (BAQS) (2007) and Environment Canada-York University campaign (EC-YU) (2009-2010). Ambient samples were collected over various time periods and the isotopic composition of individual compounds was analyzed. Determined mixing ratios were in pptv to low ppbv ranges and isotope composition varied from -30%0 to -20%0 for most of the compounds. Analysis of mixing ratios and isotope composition, their distribution and trends indicated that sampling locations can be qualitatively classified as rural (Ridgetown), semi-rural (Harrow and Egbert) and semi-urban (Toronto) areas, with strong local vehicle emission sources. Quantitative analysis of the photochemical ages (PCA) determined using hydrocarbon and isotope hydrocarbon clocks (Egbert and Toronto samples) resulted in similar values, suggesting that both of these methods are valid and are applicable. However, while both PCA methods indicated that local sources have larger impact on the air quality in these two locations, PCA from isotope composition analysis has demonstrated that different VOC in photochemically processed air masses differ in their PCA depending on VOC reactivity

Investigation of the North Atlantic Heinrich events using molecular approach

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the application of biomarkers to study the provenance of allochthonous organic matter deposited in the North Atlantic during the last glacial period mainly as ice rafted debris (IRD) in Heinrich Layers (HLs). Two novel approaches are used in this work: The biomarker composition of sedimentary organic matter is used to characterise and compare possible sources and sinks of IRD• Glacigenic debris flows (GDFs) are used as proxies for possible sources of IRD in the deep ocean. The distribution of photosynthetic pigments, n-alkanes, highly branched aliphatic hydrocarbons (unresolved complex mixture (UCM) in the gas chromatogram) and long- chain alkenones in the sediments from the possible sources and sinks of IRD IS analysed. Sources of IRD are represented by GDF deposits from the Nordic Seas and the western Atlantic margins. Sinks are represented by deep-sea cores containing HLs: cores รบ90-09 and ODP 609 are from the main area of IRD deposition, "IRD belt", and cores MD95-2024 and HU87-025֊07P are from Labrador Sea. GDF and HL sediments generally contain a very high proportion of biodegraded and thermally mature organic matter originating from ancient outcrops eroded by former ice streams. Most hemipelagic sediments overlying GDFs or HLs in the deep-sea cores contain signatures of less reworked organic matter. GDF sediments at the North Atlantic margins are largely homogenous in their biomarker composition; they contain biomarker distributions that are characteristic and unique to each GDF deposit and thus significantly different from those of the overlying hemipelagic sediments. It was concluded that the biomarker fingerprints of the organic matter in each GDF can be considered as combined signatures of a variety of organic-rich outcrops eroded by a particular ice stream and therefore can be used to constrain the sources of IRD in the North Atlantic. “Typical" HLs 1, 2, 4 & 5 can be identified in the sedimentary records on the basis of the biomarker composition of sedimentary organic matter. Biomarker compositions of sediments from "untypical" HLs 3 and 6 in the two cores from the "IRD belt" differ significantly from those of the "typical" HLs 1， 2, 4 & 5 are similar to the overlying ambient sediments. In contrast, all HL samples from the Labrador Sea core MD95-2024 are similar. A shift in oceanic Polar Front location is reflected in the biomarker composition of ambient sediments deposited after HL3 in core SU90-09. These contain highly degraded organic matter of ice rafted origin whose biomarker composition differs from that of the "typical" HLs but not from that of HL3.The biomarker composition of the HL sediments from core SU90-09 varies both between and within HLs. All HLs in core SU90-09 can be distinguished from one another based on their biomarker composition. For the most part, the biomarker compositions of the sediments in the older HLs 4 and 5 are more similar to one another than to those in the younger HLs 1 and 2. Precursor events are recognised in the sedimentary record of HLs 1 and 2 but not HLs 4 and 5. Three steps can be distinguished in the deposition of HLs 4 and 5， with the narrow middle step different from the periods above and below it. HLl and possibly HL2 contain two steps. With regard to source-sink correlation, IRD in the HLs in core MD95-2024 contains a combined signal from North American and West Greenland sources. Similar signatures are present in the "typical" HLs from cores SU90-09 and ODP 609. A contribution from an additional unidentified source or sources is present in both cores, substantial in the former and minor in the latter. However, no significant input from the European ice sheets was detected. The variability between and within HLs is probably a result of variability in the relative input from different IRD sources. The biomarker composition of the "untypical" HLs 3 and 6 from ODP 609 is more consistent with aeolian rather than IRD input. Biomarker analysis provides a potentially more detailed and more specific approach than analysis of bulk properties of sediments to characterize sources and sinks of IRD

Gothic Elements in Iris Murdoch's Postmodern Novels after 1970

[ES] Los estudios de caso que integran el presente monográfico analizan muestras de las diversas transformaciones que se han venido llevando a cabo en el género gótico desde los años 70 hasta la actualidad en los ámbitos de la ficción, las artes visuales y otras formas de cultura popular. Se hace especial énfasis en los patrones de influencia, apropiación y reformulación, así como en la continuidad del imaginario gótico en la posmodernidad. Se invita así a la reflexión sobre las ansiedades del mundo contemporáneo y su reflejo o expresión en las diferentes manifestaciones artísticas y literarias del género del terror.[EN] The case studies in this volume assess the transformations undergone by the Gothic genre since the 1970s until today within the fields of fiction, the visual arts and other forms of popular culture. Special emphasis falls into the patterns of influence, appropriation and reformulation in the works under assessment, as well as the durability of gothic imagery in postmodernity. We thereby invite readers to reflect on how these visual and literary works echo, reflect or give voice to the anxieties in our contemporary society

Lysosomal Targeting of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors via a Kinase-dependent Pathway Is Mediated by the Receptor Carboxyl-terminal Residues 1022-1123

Binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to its receptor induces rapid internalization and degradation of both ligand and receptor via the lysosomal pathway. To study the mechanism of intracellular sorting of EGF-EGF receptor complexes to lysosomes, NIH 3T3 cells transfected with wild-type and mutant EGF receptors were employed. The kinetics of 125I-EGF trafficking was analyzed using low concentrations of the ligand to avoid saturation of the specific sorting system. The relative size of the pool of internalized 125I-EGF-receptor complexes that were capable of recycling decreased as receptors traversed the endosomal system. The rate of 125I-EGF sequestration from the recycling pathway correlated with the rate of 125I-EGF transition from early to late endosomes as measured by Percoll gradient fractionation. Deletion of the last 63 amino acids of the EGF receptor cytoplasmic tail did not inhibit the process of sequestration and targeting to the late endosomes and lysosomes. Truncation of the 123 residues, however, resulted in impaired lysosomal targeting and increased recycling of EGF. Receptor mutant in which 165 residues were deleted displayed maximal ability to recycle and a minimal extent of sorting to the late endosomes. The data suggest that two regions of the EGF receptor molecule, residues 1022-1063 and to a lesser extent residues 1063-1123, contribute in the regulation of routing of EGF receptors to the degradation pathway. The kinase-negative receptor mutant recycled EGF more intensively compared with the wild-type receptor, and the transport of this mutant to late endosomes was inhibited. These results support the view that the receptor kinase activity is important for ligand-induced sorting of EGF receptors to the pathway of lysosomal degradation

Results of the study of the vestibular apparatus and the functions of the perception of space in cosmonauts (pre- and post-flight observations)

The effect of the set of space flight factors caused a change in the activity of the vestibular apparatus and the spatial perception function. More significant and longer shifts were observed during expeditions of great duration. The detected disorders (increase in reactivity of the otolithic apparatus, decrease in sensitivity of the cupula receptor, deterioration in the perception accuracy, etc.) had a definite tendency to be restored. The primary damage to the otolithic reflex (changes were found in practically all the subjects) is probably caused by the specific effect of zero gravitation, and apparently, may be one of the trigger mechanisms for discrepancy in the activity of the sensory systems, disorders in the correcting function of the cerebellum, and central vestibular formations