The development of Russian health-care system: problems and prospects

Thus, the implementation of the above mentioned points will assist the efficiency of a modem health-care system in general. It also helps to provide affordable and quality medical service on the basis of common requirements and approaches according to the latest achieve ments of scientific and technical progress, which will be guarantee of sustainable socio­ economic development of Russia in the long ter

Увеличение опасности формирования гляциальных селей в Кабардино-Балкарии в современный период

The paper deals with probability of glacial mudflow formation during the nearest years in the highland of Central Caucasus where the most mudflow-hazardous rivers are concentrated: Gerhozhansu, Adylsu, Adyrsu and others. It is established on the basis of calculated multi-year air temperatures during summer period that in June–August of 2012–2013 considerable increase and can intensify the activity of glacial mudflows. We estimate the tendency in mudflow activity using the analysis of multi-year regime of atmospheric circulation, the types of which determine mudflow-hazardous weather on a given territory (e.g. 12a, 13s, etc. according to the classification of B.L. Dzerdzeevsky). The duration of these types is presently sufficiently long and will remain the same during the nearest years. Due to the above-mentioned weather situation and availability of sufficient amounts of loose-clastic rock material on the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria, an increase of mudflow hazard is possible. So, in 2011 the glacial-flash mudflows happened in the basins of the rivers Cherek Balkarsky, Chegem, Baksan. In all these cases the weather corresponded to the type of ECM 13s. In 2013 the increase in duration of the above-mentioned ECM and mudflow activity can be connected with maximum of the solar cycle. During the previous maximum in 2000 the catastrophic mudflow happened on the river Gerhonzhansu; the town Tyrnyauz have been highly destructed.Рассмотрена возможность формирования гляциальных селей в ближайшие годы в высокогорье Центрального Кавказа, где находятся наиболее селеопасные реки: Герхожансу, Адылсу, Адырсу и др. На основании расчётных значений многолетнего режима температуры воздуха за летний период установлено, что в июле–августе 2013 г. возможно значительное повышение температуры, которое будет способствовать увеличению активности гляциальных селей. Оценка тенденции селевой деятельности дана на основе анализа многолетнего режима атмосферной циркуляции, определяющего селеопасную погоду на данной территории (ЭЦМ 12а, 13л и др. по типизации Б.Л. Дзердзеевского). Продолжительность таких режимов атмосферной циркуляции достаточно велика и сохранится в ближайшие годы. Погодная ситуация и наличие большого объёма рыхлообломочного материала на территории Кабардино-Балкарии увеличивают опасность схода селей. Так, в 2011 г. прошли гляциально-ливневые сели в бассейнах рек Черек Балкарский, Чегем и Баксан. Во всех случаях характер погоды соответствовал ЭЦМ 13л. В 2013 г. увеличение продолжительности указанных ЭЦМ и селевой активности может быть связано с повышенной активностью Солнца в период максимума 11-летнего цикла. Во время предыдущего максимума, в 2000 г., произошла катастрофическая активизация селей на р. Герхожансу, которая привела к значительным разрушениям в г. Тырныауз.

A comparison of the characteristics of extreme drought during the late 20 th and early 21st centuries over Eurasia and North America

The atmospheric general circulation character during summer droughts over Eastern Europe / Western Russia and North America from 1970-2020 is examined here. A criterion to examine atmospheric drought events encompassed the summer season was used to determine which years were driest using precipitation, evaporation, and areal coverage. The relationship between drought and atmospheric character using the Dzerzeevsky climatic classification scheme, atmospheric blocking, teleconnections, and information entropy are used to study the atmospheric dynamic

First circumpolar assessment of Arctic freshwater phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity : Spatial patterns and environmental factors

Arctic freshwaters are facing multiple environmental pressures, including rapid climate change and increasing land-use activities. Freshwater plankton assemblages are expected to reflect the effects of these stressors through shifts in species distributions and changes to biodiversity. These changes may occur rapidly due to the short generation times and high dispersal capabilities of both phyto- and zooplankton. Spatial patterns and contemporary trends in plankton diversity throughout the circumpolar region were assessed using data from more than 300 lakes in the U.S.A. (Alaska), Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to assess spatial patterns of plankton diversity focusing on pelagic communities; (2) to assess dominant component of beta diversity (turnover or nestedness); (3) to identify which environmental factors best explain diversity; and (4) to provide recommendations for future monitoring and assessment of freshwater plankton communities across the Arctic region. Phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton diversity varied substantially across the Arctic and was positively related to summer air temperature. However, for zooplankton, the positive correlation between summer temperature and species numbers decreased with increasing latitude. Taxonomic richness was lower in the high Arctic compared to the sub- and low Arctic for zooplankton but this pattern was less clear for phytoplankton. Fennoscandia and inland regions of Russia represented hotspots for, respectively, phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity, whereas isolated regions had lower taxonomic richness. Ecoregions with high alpha diversity generally also had high beta diversity, and turnover was the most important component of beta diversity in all ecoregions. For both phytoplankton and zooplankton, climatic variables were the most important environmental factors influencing diversity patterns, consistent with previous studies that examined shorter temperature gradients. However, barriers to dispersal may have also played a role in limiting diversity on islands. A better understanding of how diversity patterns are determined by colonisation history, environmental variables, and biotic interactions requires more monitoring data with locations dispersed evenly across the circumpolar Arctic. Furthermore, the importance of turnover in regional diversity patterns indicates that more extensive sampling is required to fully characterise the species pool of Arctic lakes.Peer reviewe

Глюкокортикоидиндуцированный остеопороз у неврологических больных: мероприятия по профилактике и лечению

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are often prescribed for neurologic patients. Autoimmune diseases of central and peripheral nervous system, neuromuscular disorders are associated with disability and life-threatening complications, and require long-term high-dosage administration of GCs. GC-therapy is a crucial decision to be made by a neurologist in collaboration with a patient, and requires strict observance of clear guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of possible complications. One of the most frequent complications of GCs is osteoporosis. According to the Russian and international guidelines, all the patients must undergo preliminary and follow-up laboratory and instrumental examination, as well as administration of calcium and vitamin D during the whole period of GC-therapy. In case of a high fracture risk or if osteoporosis is diagnosed, antiresorptive therapy is indicated.В практике невролога регулярно возникает необходимость в назначении глюкокортикостероидов (ГКС). Аутоиммунная патология центральной и периферической нервной и нервно-мышечной систем часто сопряжена с выраженной инвалидизацией и жизнеугрожающими осложнениями, что определяет необходимость применения ГКС в высоких дозах в течение длительного периода времени. Назначение ГКС – ответственное решение, которое принимается неврологом совместно с пациентом и требует неукоснительного соблюдения четких рекомендаций по профилактике, диагностике и лечению возможных осложнений. Одним из частых осложнений ГКС является глюкокортикоидиндуцированный остеопороз. Согласно отечественным и зарубежным рекомендациям всем пациентам необходимо предварительное и динамическое лабораторное и инструментальное обследование, а также применение препаратов кальция и витамина D на весь период терапии ГКС. В случае высокого риска возникновения перелома или при выявлении остеопороза показана антирезорбтивная терапия. 

Circulation of Lyssaviruses (Lyssavirus) among the Small Mammals in the Territory of the Republic of Guinea

Objective is to study the role of small mammals, habitant in the Republic of Guinea, in Lyssavirus circulation. Materials and methods. Investigations were conducted using RT-PCR; nucleotide sequence of Lyssavirus cDNA fragments was identified with the help of sequencing with further phylogenetic analysis. Results and conclusions. Tested have been 356 brain samples from small mammals for the presence of Lyssavirus RNA using RT-PCR with genus-specific primers. The animals were caught in the suburbs of Kindia city in 2016. The samples were obtained from wild animals pertaining to Rodentia, Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla, and Carnivora orders.Lyssavirus RNA was detected in 31 samples (8.7 %). For 14 PCR positive samples the appurtenance to Lyssavirus was confirmed through identification and analysis of nucleotide sequences of the collected short cDAN fragments of viral genome. The presence of rabies virus RNA in positive tests was excluded from PCR with the help of species specific primers. The pool of samples from black rats, Rattus rattus, positive for Lyssavirus RNA, contained RNA characteristic of Mokola lyssavirus species. Specified has been nucleotide sequence of matrix protein M gene fragment of Mokola virus. Genetic material of Mokola virus was detected in the Republic of Guinea for the first time ever

A 300-year record of sedimentation in a small tilled catena in Hungary based on δ13C, δ15N, and C/N distribution

Purpose Soil erosion is one of the most serious hazards that endanger sustainable food production. Moreover, it has marked effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) with direct links to global warming. At the same time, soil organic matter (SOM) changes in composition and space could influence these processes. The aim of this study was to predict soil erosion and sedimentation volume and dynamics on a typical hilly cropland area of Hungary due to forest clearance in the early eighteenth century. Materials and methods Horizontal soil samples were taken along two parallel intensively cultivated complex convex-concave slopes from the eroded upper parts at mid-slope positions and from sedimentation in toe-slopes. Samples were measured for SOC, total nitrogen (TN) content, and SOMcompounds (δ13C, δ15N, and photometric indexes). They were compared to the horizons of an in situ non-eroded profile under continuous forest. On the depositional profile cores, soil depth prior to sedimentation was calculated by the determination of sediment thickness. Results and discussion Peaks of SOC in the sedimentation profiles indicated thicker initial profiles, while peaks in C/N ratio and δ13C distribution showed the original surface to be ~ 20 cm lower. Peaks of SOC were presumed to be the results of deposition of SOC-enriched soil from the upper slope transported by selective erosion of finer particles (silts and clays). Therefore, changes in δ13C values due to tillage and delivery would fingerprint the original surface much better under the sedimentation scenario than SOC content. Distribution of δ13C also suggests that the main sedimentation phase occurred immediately after forest clearance and before the start of intense cultivation with maize. Conclusions This highlights the role of relief in sheet erosion intensity compared to intensive cultivation. Patterns of δ13C indicate the original soil surface, even in profiles deposited as sediment centuries ago. The δ13C and C/N decrease in buried in situ profiles had the same tendency as recent forest soil, indicating constant SOM quality distribution after burial. Accordingly, microbiological activity, root uptake, and metabolism have not been effective enough to modify initial soil properties