Review of Literature on the Acquisition of Birth Assistance Skills by Midwifery Students

目的：助産学実習における分娩介助技術の到達度を検討するために、先行研究より分娩介助技術の 習得過程について明らかにすることである。 研究方法：助産学実習の先行履修科目である助産診断技術論演習において分娩介助技術の習得に向けた教育内容の充実化を図るため、分娩介助技術に関する教育について文献検討を行った。 2023年6月時点で、医学中央雑誌Webを用いて検索した。キーワードは　‟分娩介助技術”、‟分娩介助手技”、‟分娩介助習”　‟胎児娩出手技”　‟側面介助法”、‟助産基礎教育”　とし、 助産学実習中の助産学生の分娩介助技術習得に関する12論文を分析対象とした。 結果：分娩介助例数が進むにつれて、分娩介助技術の習得が進むと分析されている文献が多かったが、それらは分娩介助件数に比例するのではなく、分娩介助10例を3～5の過程に分け、過程ごとに順にステップアップしていくとされた。しかし、12文献中11文献において10例目の分娩介助では目標に到達していない項目があることが示された。その理由として、個別性が出やすくより分娩の進行状況に合わせたケアが必要と考えられた。分娩介助技術評価基準に統一されたものは見当たらなかった。 考察：分娩介助は技術であることから、繰り返し実施することで向上したのだと考える。一方、分娩件数と比例しなかった文献では、助産診断の視点が含まれており、それによると分娩介助技術はアセスメントからもたらされた結果の行動であると捉えていると考えられるため、教育内容で診断能力の強化を図る必要があると考える。 結論：分娩介助例数が進むにつれて向上する分娩介助技術は個別性や分娩進行状況の影響が少ない技術であった。一方、分娩介助例数に比例しない技術は助産診断を伴う認知領域の内容であると考えられた。対象者の個別性に合わせた助産ケアが実践できるように、助産学実習の先行履修科目である助産診断技術論演習において、診断能力の強化を図る必要があることが示唆された。departmental bulletin pape

Current Ethical Issues and Future Challenges in Psychiatric Nursing : Based on the Pilot Test Outcome

The purpose of this study was to shed light on present ethical issues in Japanese psychiatric nursing and establish clearly what measures, educational programs, and guidelines are needed in order to improve the care and treatment of patients with mental disorders. Twenty Psychiatric Certified Nurse Specialists (CNSs) were interviewed on ethical issues. This study reports the results of this pilot test. The survey was conducted from October to December of 2012. After approval from the Kumamoto University Research Ethical Committee, objectives, methods, and guarantees of privacy were explained to the subjects and, with their agreement, interviews were conducted. Ethical issues faced by the CNSs fall into 5 categories: 1) As hospitalization lengthens, patient needs are less respected, 2 ) Conflict between patients and family regarding decisions, 3) Struggle in achieving agreement with doctors, 4) Difficulty in developing adequate treatment and care programs, and 5) The insular nature of hospitals. Furthermore, the CNSs resolved these ethical issues as follows: 1) By talking with ward supervisors to resolve ethical issues; 2 ) by proposing and implementing solutions; and 3) by considering ways to strengthen group performance. In Japan the length of stay among psychiatric patients is particularly long and this study shows the characteristics of Japanese psychiatric nursing. In addition this study shows that the family plays an important role in deciding on a patient\u27s discharge. But the CNSs have effective communications with related professionals to solve the problems. Based on these results we will develop an educational plan for psychiatric nurses and we need to clarify the role of psychiatric nurse and CNSs concerning those problems

Five-mer peptides prevent short-term spatial memory deficits in Aβ25-35-induced Alzheimer’s model mouse by suppressing Aβ25-35 aggregation and resolving its aggregate form

Abstract Background The development of drugs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is related to the misfolding and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ), is high in demand due to the growing number of AD patients. In this study, we screened 22 kinds of 5-mer synthetic peptides derived from the Box A region of Tob1 protein to find a peptide effective against Aβ aggregation. Methods A Thioflavin T (ThT) assay was performed to evaluate aggregation and screen aggregation inhibitors. Male ICR mice (6 weeks old) were administered saline, 9 nmol Aβ25-35, or a mixture of 9 nmol Aβ25-35 and 9 nmol GSGFK in the right lateral ventricle. Short-term spatial memory was assessed through Y-maze. Microglia cells (BV-)2 cells were plated on 24-well plates (4 × 104 cells/well) and incubated for 48 h, and then, the cells were treated with 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.5 mM GSGFK. After incubation for 24 h, bead uptake was evaluated using a laser confocal microscope and Cytation 5. Results We found two kinds of peptides, GSGNR and GSGFK, that were not only suppressed by aggregation of Aβ25-35 but also resolved the aggregated Aβ25-35. Results obtained from the Y-maze test on an Aβ25-35-induced AD model mouse indicated that GSGFK prevents the deficits in short-term memory induced by Aβ25-35. The effect of GSGFK on phagocytosis in BV-2 cells proved that GSGFK activates the phagocytic ability of microglia. Conclusions In conclusion, 5-mer peptides prevent short-term memory deficit in Aβ25-35 induced AD model mouse by reducing the aggregated Aβ25-35. They may also upregulate the phagocytic ability of microglia, which makes 5-mer peptides suitable candidates as therapeutic drugs against AD

SKGQA, a Peptide Derived from the ANA/BTG3 Protein, Cleaves Amyloid-β with Proteolytic Activity

Despite the extensive research conducted on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) over the years, no effective drug for AD treatment has been found. Therefore, the development of new drugs for the treatment of AD is of the utmost importance. We recently reported the proteolytic activities of JAL-TA9 (YKGSGFRMI) and ANA-TA9 (SKGQAYRMA), synthetic peptides of nine amino acids each, derived from the Box A region of Tob1 and ANA/BTG3 proteins, respectively. Furthermore, two components of ANA-TA9, ANA-YA4 (YRMI) at the C-terminus end and ANA-SA5 (SKGQA) at the N-terminus end of ANA-TA9, exhibited proteolytic activity against amyloid-β (Aβ) fragment peptides. In this study, we identified the active center of ANA-SA5 using AEBSF, a serine protease inhibitor, and a peptide in which the Ser residue of ANA-SA5 was replaced with Leu. In addition, we demonstrate the proteolytic activity of ANA-SA5 against the soluble form Aβ42 (a-Aβ42) and solid insoluble form s-Aβ42. Furthermore, ANA-SA5 was not cytotoxic to A549 cells. These results indicate that ANA-SA5 is a promising Catalytide and a potential candidate for the development of new peptide drugs targeting Aβ42 for AD treatment