Morph physiological features of tomatoes grown in conditions of increased salinity

Prilikom proizvodnje paradajza u zaštićenom prostoru često dolazi do pojave stresa usled povećane zaslanjenosti supstrata, što je posledica intenzivnog prihranjivanja, korišćenja neadekvatne vode za navodnjavanje i nemogućnosti prirodnog ispiranja zemljišta. Jedna od najpopularnijih metoda kojom se mogu prevazići problemi gajenja biljaka u ovakvim uslovima, a koja nema nikakvih štetnih posledica za okolinu, je kalemljenje. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio da se ispita stepen morfoloških. biohemijskih i fizioloških promena koje nastaju kod dva hibrida paradajza (Buran F1 i Berberana F1), gajenih iz kalemljenog i nekalemljenog rasada, u prisustvu različitih koncentracija soli (NaCl) u podlozi (EC 1.7 dS m-1 (kontrola), 3.8 dS m-1 (S1), 6.9 dS m-1 (S2) i 9.1 dS m-1 (S3)). Dvanaest nedelja nakon sadnje, u fenofazi plodonošenja izmereni su intenzitet fotosinteze, transpiracije i protok gasova kroz stome. Uzorkovani su listovi i u njima je ispitana aktivnost antioksidantnih enzima (SOD, askorbat peroksidaza i klasa III peroksidaza). Izmerena je masa potpuno zrelih plodova sa prve plodonosne grane (uzorkovanih u isto vreme kada i listovi) i u njima su izmerene koncentracije likopena, askorbinske kiselina, fenolnih jedinjenja i ukupni antioksidacioni kapacitet. Različiti nivoi zaslanjenosti supstrata u ogledima doveli su do značajnih promena u rastu i metabolizmu ispitivanih hibrida paradajza. Ustanovljena je razlika u reakciji kalemljenih i nekalemljenih hibrida paradajza na S1, S2 i S3. SOD i askorbat (AA) su imali ključnu ulogu u antioksidativnoj zaštiti biljaka, dok je u dugoročnom odgovoru paradajza na S1, S2 i S3, tokom faze zrenja, uloga peroksidaza bila manje značajna. Konstatovana je interhibridna razlika u aktivnosti SOD i AA. Tokom dvanaest nedelja izloženosti biljaka paradajza sonom stresu biljke su se dobro adaptirale, na šta ukazuje povećan sadržaj AA, kao i odnos AA/DHA, što je verovatno posledica brze regeneracije AA. Takođe, kalemljene biljke su imale niži sadržaj neenzimskih antioksidativnih komponenti u listovima i plodovima kod oba ispitivana hibrida, na svim nivoima povećane zaslanjenosti supstrata. Prosečna masa plodova kalemljenih biljaka je, u zavisnosti od nivoa zaslanjenosti supstrata, bila za 40% do 60% veća u poređenju sa nekalemljenim, što je veoma važno sa tržišnu vrednost proizvodnje. Rezultati ove disertacije su omogućili da se sagleda i kvantifikuje uticaj kalemljenja na tolerantnost paradajza prema povećanoj koncentaciji soli u podlozi, što je veoma značajno za proizvodnju ove vrste povrća. DatumStress conditions often occur during the tomato production in greenhouses due to increased substrate salinity, which is the result of intensive fertilization, use of inadequate water for irrigation and impossibility of natural soil rinsing. One of the widely used methods by which the problems of plant cultivation under increased salinity can be overcome, and which has no harmful effects on the environment, is grafting. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine the level of morphological, biochemical and physiological changes occurring in two tomato hybrids (Buran F1 and Berberana F1) grown from grafted and non-grafted seedlings in the presence of different salt concentrations (EC 1.7 dS m-1 (control), 3.8 dS m-1 (S1), 6.9 dS m-1 (S2) and 9.1 dS m-1 (S3)). Twelve weeks after planting, in fruiting phenophase, intensity of photosynthesis, transpiration and gas exchange through stomata were measured. Leaves were sampled and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, ascorbate peroxidase and class III peroxidase) in them was assessed. The weight of fully mature fruits from the first fruiting branch (sampled at the same time as the leaves) was measured and the concentrations of lycopene, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity were measured in them. Different levels of substrate salinity in experiments led to significant changes in the growth and metabolism of the examined tomato hybrids. The difference in the reaction of grafted and non-grafted tomato hybrids to S1, S2 and S3 was found. SOD and ascorbate (AA) played a key role in the antioxidant protection, while in the long-term response of tomatoes to S1, S2 and S3, during the ripening phase, the role of peroxidases was less significant. Inter-hybrid differences in SOD and AA activity was also found. During the twelve weeks of exposure of tomato plants to salt treatments, the plants adapted well, as indicated by the increased AA content, as well as the AA/DHA ratio, which is probably the result of rapid AA regeneration. Moreover, the concentration of nonenzymatic antioxidant components in the leaves and fruits of both examined hybrids, was lower in grafted plants, at all levels of increased substrate salinity. The average weight of fruits of grafted plants, depending on the level of substrate salinity, was 40% to 60% higher compared to the non-grafted, which is very important for the market value of tomato production. The results of this dissertation have made it possible to perceive and quantify the effect of grafting on tomato tolerance towards the increased salt concentration in the substrate, which is very important for the successful production of this vegetable. Accepte

Morph physiological features of tomatoes grown in conditions of increased salinity

Prilikom proizvodnje paradajza u zaštićenom prostoru često dolazi do pojave stresa usled povećane zaslanjenosti supstrata, što je posledica intenzivnog prihranjivanja, korišćenja neadekvatne vode za navodnjavanje i nemogućnosti prirodnog ispiranja zemljišta. Jedna od najpopularnijih metoda kojom se mogu prevazići problemi gajenja biljaka u ovakvim uslovima, a koja nema nikakvih štetnih posledica za okolinu, je kalemljenje. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio da se ispita stepen morfoloških. biohemijskih i fizioloških promena koje nastaju kod dva hibrida paradajza (Buran F1 i Berberana F1), gajenih iz kalemljenog i nekalemljenog rasada, u prisustvu različitih koncentracija soli (NaCl) u podlozi (EC 1.7 dS m-1 (kontrola), 3.8 dS m-1 (S1), 6.9 dS m-1 (S2) i 9.1 dS m-1 (S3)). Dvanaest nedelja nakon sadnje, u fenofazi plodonošenja izmereni su intenzitet fotosinteze, transpiracije i protok gasova kroz stome. Uzorkovani su listovi i u njima je ispitana aktivnost antioksidantnih enzima (SOD, askorbat peroksidaza i klasa III peroksidaza). Izmerena je masa potpuno zrelih plodova sa prve plodonosne grane (uzorkovanih u isto vreme kada i listovi) i u njima su izmerene koncentracije likopena, askorbinske kiselina, fenolnih jedinjenja i ukupni antioksidacioni kapacitet. Različiti nivoi zaslanjenosti supstrata u ogledima doveli su do značajnih promena u rastu i metabolizmu ispitivanih hibrida paradajza. Ustanovljena je razlika u reakciji kalemljenih i nekalemljenih hibrida paradajza na S1, S2 i S3. SOD i askorbat (AA) su imali ključnu ulogu u antioksidativnoj zaštiti biljaka, dok je u dugoročnom odgovoru paradajza na S1, S2 i S3, tokom faze zrenja, uloga peroksidaza bila manje značajna. Konstatovana je interhibridna razlika u aktivnosti SOD i AA. Tokom dvanaest nedelja izloženosti biljaka paradajza sonom stresu biljke su se dobro adaptirale, na šta ukazuje povećan sadržaj AA, kao i odnos AA/DHA, što je verovatno posledica brze regeneracije AA. Takođe, kalemljene biljke su imale niži sadržaj neenzimskih antioksidativnih komponenti u listovima i plodovima kod oba ispitivana hibrida, na svim nivoima povećane zaslanjenosti supstrata. Prosečna masa plodova kalemljenih biljaka je, u zavisnosti od nivoa zaslanjenosti supstrata, bila za 40% do 60% veća u poređenju sa nekalemljenim, što je veoma važno sa tržišnu vrednost proizvodnje. Rezultati ove disertacije su omogućili da se sagleda i kvantifikuje uticaj kalemljenja na tolerantnost paradajza prema povećanoj koncentaciji soli u podlozi, što je veoma značajno za proizvodnju ove vrste povrća. DatumStress conditions often occur during the tomato production in greenhouses due to increased substrate salinity, which is the result of intensive fertilization, use of inadequate water for irrigation and impossibility of natural soil rinsing. One of the widely used methods by which the problems of plant cultivation under increased salinity can be overcome, and which has no harmful effects on the environment, is grafting. Therefore, the aim of this research was to examine the level of morphological, biochemical and physiological changes occurring in two tomato hybrids (Buran F1 and Berberana F1) grown from grafted and non-grafted seedlings in the presence of different salt concentrations (EC 1.7 dS m-1 (control), 3.8 dS m-1 (S1), 6.9 dS m-1 (S2) and 9.1 dS m-1 (S3)). Twelve weeks after planting, in fruiting phenophase, intensity of photosynthesis, transpiration and gas exchange through stomata were measured. Leaves were sampled and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, ascorbate peroxidase and class III peroxidase) in them was assessed. The weight of fully mature fruits from the first fruiting branch (sampled at the same time as the leaves) was measured and the concentrations of lycopene, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity were measured in them. Different levels of substrate salinity in experiments led to significant changes in the growth and metabolism of the examined tomato hybrids. The difference in the reaction of grafted and non-grafted tomato hybrids to S1, S2 and S3 was found. SOD and ascorbate (AA) played a key role in the antioxidant protection, while in the long-term response of tomatoes to S1, S2 and S3, during the ripening phase, the role of peroxidases was less significant. Inter-hybrid differences in SOD and AA activity was also found. During the twelve weeks of exposure of tomato plants to salt treatments, the plants adapted well, as indicated by the increased AA content, as well as the AA/DHA ratio, which is probably the result of rapid AA regeneration. Moreover, the concentration of nonenzymatic antioxidant components in the leaves and fruits of both examined hybrids, was lower in grafted plants, at all levels of increased substrate salinity. The average weight of fruits of grafted plants, depending on the level of substrate salinity, was 40% to 60% higher compared to the non-grafted, which is very important for the market value of tomato production. The results of this dissertation have made it possible to perceive and quantify the effect of grafting on tomato tolerance towards the increased salt concentration in the substrate, which is very important for the successful production of this vegetable. Accepte

Effects of Salinity on Color Changes, Sugar and Acid Concentration in Tomato Fruit

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill) is vegetable which is relatively resistant to salt concentration in growing substrate. However, research has shown that salinity stress causes changes in the quality of the fruit, which indirectly affects the yield. So the aim of this research was to determine the change in color of ripening fruits, the amount of sugar and acid in the fruit as indicators of the quality of the fruit. Tests were conducted in a greenhouse on tomato cv. Buran F1, where were two varieties of seedlings, grafted and non grafted, grown in the control substrate (EC = 1.7 dS/m) and substrate with EC = 6.8 dS/m. The quality of fruit is observed by a difference in the maturing of the first fruit of the first and second branches of tomatoes, and through the concentration of sugar and acid in the fruit, depending on the position of the plants. The obtained results show that salinity induces higher sugar content and total acidity in grafted and non-grafted tomato fruits. Also salinity leads to faster ripening of grafted and non-grafted tomato. tomato; salinity; grafted; nongrafte

Effects of Salinity on Color Changes, Sugar and Acid Concentration in Tomato Fruit

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill) is vegetable which is relatively resistant to salt concentration in growing substrate. However, research has shown that salinity stress causes changes in the quality of the fruit, which indirectly affects the yield. So the aim of this research was to determine the change in color of ripening fruits, the amount of sugar and acid in the fruit as indicators of the quality of the fruit. Tests were conducted in a greenhouse on tomato cv. Buran F1, where were two varieties of seedlings, grafted and non grafted, grown in the control substrate (EC = 1.7 dS/m) and substrate with EC = 6.8 dS/m. The quality of fruit is observed by a difference in the maturing of the first fruit of the first and second branches of tomatoes, and through the concentration of sugar and acid in the fruit, depending on the position of the plants. The obtained results show that salinity induces higher sugar content and total acidity in grafted and non-grafted tomato fruits. Also salinity leads to faster ripening of grafted and non-grafted tomato. tomato; salinity; grafted; nongrafte

Use of pyrophyllite to reduce heavy metals mobility in a soil environment

This study revealed the effects of pyrophyllite ore materials on heavy metals mobility in soil plots located near the steel mill in Zenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with four pyrophyllite treatment rates i.e. 0, 200, 400 and 600 kg ha-1 in three replications. Analyses of the heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd) in soil and plant samples were performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Pyrophyllite addition in soil was found to reduce the availability of all tested heavy metals in the studied soil. The pyrophyllite addition at a rate of 200 kg ha-1 reduced Mn, Cu and Zn available forms in soil by 11.1, 20.4 and 11.2%, respectively, compared with control. The pyrophyllite addition at higher rates i.e. 400 and 600 kg ha-1 had an even higher impact on the decrease in Mn and Zn mobility in studied soil in comparison with 200 kg ha-1 . Additionally, these pyrophyllite rates have the ability to reduce Ni mobility in studied soil. The study also found a positive effect of all pyrophyllite treatments to reduce heavy metals accumulation in the leaves of potato grown on the studied soil. In sum, the results of this study indicate that pyrophyllite treatment could be an effective technique for improving the environmental quality of soils and alleviating the hazards of heavy metals to plants. However, further studies are necessary to confirm or denied this hypothesis

The Effect of Grafting on Calcium Influx in Tomato Fruits under Salt Stress Conditions

Two commercial tomato cultivars were used to determine whether grafting could prevent decrease of Ca2+ concentration under salt stress conditions. The cultivars Buran F1 and Berberana F1 were grafted onto rootstock "Maxifort" and grown under three levels of the elevated soil salinity (S1 EC 3.80 dS m-1, S2 6.95 dS m-1 and S3 9.12 dS m-1). Ca2+ concentration of non-grafted plants of both examined hybrids was lower at all salinity levels in comparison to the control. In the fruits of grafted plants salt stress significantly decreased Ca2+ concentration only at the third salinity level (EC 9.12 dS m-1). The possibility of grafting tomato plants to improve influx of Ca2+ under salt stress conditions is discussed

Irrigation and Fertilization Control Trial Using Two Different Drip Irrigation Systems (AutoAgronom and Conventional Drip) in Greenhouse Cucumber Production in Israel

Since agriculture is the highest consumer of water, there are many trials to improve water use efficiency especially in arid countries. Thus, in the world are developed many irrigation techniques that could decrease water use. In this paper is analyzed new irrigation technique (AutoAgronom) used in greenhouse cucumber (two varieties Rocky and Champion) production in order to improve water use in Israel. AutoAgronom is tested against conventional system where drip irrigation was used. AutoAgronom (AA) system follows pH, Electrical conductivity, oxygen level and nitrates on which basis irrigation was done. Obtained results strongly recommend use of AA system in vegetable production. In variety Champion irrigated by AA system (9.167 kg/m2) obtained yield was 20% higher in comparison with the same variety under conventional drip irrigation. Quantity of irrigation water, as well as fertilizers using AutoAgronom system are saved up to 9.7%, while phosphoric acid is saved up to 8.3%

INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE DENSITY OF STOMATA IN THE STUDIED SPECIES SYCAMORE MAPLE AND WHITE ASH IN BRCKO DISTRICT

Cilj rada je da se utvrdi uticaj aerozagađenja kod ispitivanih drvenastih vrsta javorolisnog platana i bijelog jasena, koji se nalaze u drvoredima i parkovima distrikta Brčko, na gustinu stoma. Ispitivane su dvije lokacije u distriktu Brčko različitih aerozagađenja i to: prva lokacija je park u užem centru distrikta koji je odvojen od saobraćajnica, gdje je aerozagađenje minimalno ili ga uopšte nema; druga lokacija je drvored kraj tranzita gdje je velika frekvencija saobraćaja. Stepen aerozagađenja između ove dvije lokacije je veoma različit, a cilj istraživanja je upravo to, da se vidi kako navedene lokacije koje imaju različite uslove za život ispitivanih vrsta drvenastih biljaka utiču na fiziološke procese kao što su transpiracija i fotosinteza. Uzorci listova su uzimani sa dva položaja na stablu i to: prvi položaj je vanjski dio krošnje sa potunom osvijetljenošću lista na visini do 2 metra visine i drugi položaj je unutrašnjost krošnje sa manjom osvijetljenošću na visini do 2 metra. Rezultati pokazuju visoko značajan uticaj aerozagađenja na gustinu stoma kod geografskog položaja i položaja lista na stablu bez obzira na ispitivanu vrstu.The aim of the study was to determine the effect of air pollution on the density of stomata in the studied tree species sycamore maple and white ash, which are located in alleys and parks of the Brcko District . Two locations were examined in Brcko district with various air pollution : the first location is a park in the center of the Brcko district , which is separated from the road , where air pollution is minimal or absent and the second location is near transit avenue with large amounts of traffic . The level of air pollution between the two sites is very different. Leaf samples were taken from two positions on the tree and the first position is of the outer part of the tree top with fully exposure to the light,up to 2 meters high and the other position is inside tree top with lower exposure to light at a height of 2 meters .The results show a significant effect of air pollution on the density of stomata in the geographical position and the position of the lief

Short-term and long-term impacts of eco-driving on dynamics of driving behaviour and operating parameters

This paper shows the impact of eco-driving training course on driving behaviour of 7 drivers, analysing two internal parameters: Scania Driver Support (SDS) parameter and Fuel Consumption (FC). Data were collected using Scania Fleet Management System (Scania FMS) over a period of one-year (1 + 2 + 4 + 6 months during the 2015 and 2016). Data for these two parameters of all drivers were recorded daily over a one-year period and calculated in average values on a monthly basis. A one-year cycle of average monthly ambient temperatures of wider geographical region was adopted as the most important external parameter of impact on eco-driving benefits. Longitudinal observation period is divided into: one month initial period of establishing the parameter values before the training (one month), short-term with eco-driving (two months), short-term without eco-driving (four months) and long-term (six months). Significantly higher values of SDS parameter (p  0.05). The results indicate the potential of eco-driving training that manifests significantly positive effects only in good driving conditions. With bad weather conditions that correlate with bad driving conditions, the effects of eco-driving training are supressed with increased requirements for safer driving. Primary conclusion of the paper is that the eco-driving training principles have an apparent positive effect on reduction of FC and CO2 emission but are at the same time sensitive to environmental driving conditions

Lipid peroxidation intensity in soybean and maize plants inoculated with PGPR

The purpose of this work was to define the reaction of soybean and maize plants to inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [isolates of Azotobacter (AB), Streptomyces (S) and mixture of these (MIX)], by investigating lipid peroxidation intensity. Lipid peroxidation (LP) represents a valuable biomarker of cell degradation and oxidative stress secondary effects. It is analyzed as a response of plants exposed to various (a)biotic factors and in this work it is expressed as nmol malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents in fresh leaves and roots of investigated plants. Seeds of soybean (cultivar Bečejka) and maize (hybrid NS 640) were inoculated with aqueous inoculums of tested PGPRs and grown under field conditions, without fertilization. Plants were harvested for biochemical analyses at three specific stages of development: 21-day-old seedlings, full bloom, seed beginning stage and, at the end of the experiments, yield was recorded. Inoculated plants had similar values of LP intensity as plants from control (35.1-98.9 nmol MDA g-1 fresh weight). There were no significant differences in LP intensity between control and treatments within the sampling stage, however the amount of MDA accumulated during the vegetation period (up to 60%), possibly because of the developmental processes in soybean and maize. As for seed yield (t ha-1), both investigated species had 5-7% higher yield when inoculated with MIX inoculum, which highlighted the coupled inoculation as possible potent biofertilizer in soybean and maize organic production