İlköğretim Türkçe ders kitaplarında yer alan metinlerin tür açısından değerlendirmesi

The skill of and responsibility for using the mother language accurately starts in the first grade of the primary school.  In this context, the textbooks of the Turkish language courses have important duties to fulfill.  The texts in the coursebooks, thus, function as the means to demonstrate the students the richness, delicacy, and beauty of the mother tongue in order to provide an awareness and endearment of the language.  Distinguished samples of the Turkish and world literature are operative in raising the students’ awareness of the rules of Turkish, as well as tranforming this awareness into behavior, and later into habits. As a result, it is important for the school textbooks to contain texts which are compatible with the objectives of the curriculum and which have high literary value.  Are the texts which are keys for achieving the fundamental skills and program objectives stated in the curricula of the Turkish language courses in the primary schools (in grades 1-8) by the Turkish Ministry of Educationand which are mentioned in the coursebooks -distributed to the schools by the ministry- actually adequate for meeting these expectations?  In order to evaluate the current situation and improve the quality of Turkish language teaching, the texts need to be analyzed, problems need to be identified and stated, and solutions need to be sought through careful examination and research.The present study reports on  a descriptive analysis of the Turkish language textbooks (for grades 1-5; 6-8) distributed to the schools by the National Ministry of Education in 2007.  The genre and the quality of the texts have been investigated.  Data have been obtained through document analysis which is one of the qualitative research methods. A total of 237 (144+93) texts have been studied individually with respect to text type and their distribution.  Findings have been reported in frequency tables in addition to samples from the texts, and a discussion of the findings have also been provided.Ana diline bilinçle yaklaşma, onu bilinçli kullanma sorum­luluğu ve becerisi ilköğretim basamağından itibaren kazandırılmaya başlanır. Bu bağlamda Türkçe ders kitaplarına önemli görevler düşmektedir. Anadilin zenginlik, incelik ve güzelliklerinin sezdirilerek güçlü bir ana dili bilinci ve sevgisi kazandırılmasında önemli bir yer tutan ders kitaplarında bu işlevi metinler üstlenmektedir. Türkçenin kurallarının sezdirilerek davranışa ve zamanla alışkanlığa dönüştürülmesinde Türk ve dünya edebiyatının seçkin örnekleri etkili olmaktadır. Bu nedenle ders kitaplarının programın amaçlarına uygun, edebi değeri olan metinleri içermesi oldukça önemlidir. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından okullara dağıtılan ders kitaplarında yer alan, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı İlköğretim Türkçe Öğretim Programlarında (1-5;6-8) belirlenen temel amaç ve kazandırılmak istenen temel becerilerde anahtar konumunda olan metinler gerçekten beklentilere cevap verecek nitelikte midir? Bu durumun araştırılması, metinlerin incelenerek var olan durumun ortaya çıkarılması, sorunların gözler önüne serilerek çözüme yönelik öneriler sunulması nitelikli bir Türkçe öğretiminin gerçekleştirilebilmesi için bir zorunluluk olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Betimsel nitelik taşıyan bu araştırmada 2007 yılında Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından hazırlanarak okullara dağıtılan ilköğretim Türkçe ders kitaplarında (I-5; 6-8) yer alan metinlerin niteliği ve türlere göre dağılımına bakılmıştır. Araştırma verileri nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman incelemesi yoluyla toplanmıştır. Türkçe ders kitaplarında yer alan toplam (144+ 93) 237 metin tür özellikleri açısından tek tek incelenmiş, metinlerin türlere göre dağılımına bakılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular frekanslarla tablolar halinde sunularak, incelenen metinlerden doğrudan alıntılar yapılmış ve yorumlanmıştır

The metaphors about Turkish language in Turkish poems

Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, Türk şirinde Türkçeye yönelik kullanılan metaforları belirlemektir. Araştırma, Cumhuriyet Dönem Türk Şiiri ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Şairlerin Türkçeye yönelik olarak ürettikleri metaforların aynı zamanda onların Türkçeye bakış açılan hakkında ipucu vereceği düşüncesi de Araştırmada belirlenen genel amaca ulaşmak için aşağıdaki sorulara cevap aranmıştır: 1. Türk şiirinde Türkçeye gönü vermiş şairlerin şiirlerinde kullandıkları "Türkçe" ye yönelik metaforlar nelerdir? 2. Şairlerin kullandıkları "Türkçe" ye yönelik metaforlar, ortak özellikleri Bu araştırma, tarama modeline uygun olarak desenlenmiştir. Araştırma verileri, doküman incelemesi yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma 1923 sonrası Türk şiiriyle sımrlandmlmıştır. 1923 sonrasında eser veren 28 şairin 117 şiiri bu amaca odaklı olarak incelenmiştir. Bulunan metaforlar betimsel analiz tekniği kullanılarak çözümlenmiş, elde edilen bulgular nicel olarak sunulmuştur.Main purpose of the study is to determine metaphors about Turkish in Turkish poetry. The research is limited to the Republican Period Turkish poetry. It was thought that metaphors about Turkish reflect poets' perspective to the Turkish. This idea was one of the factors of realizing the study. The following questions were addressed to reach main purpose: 1.What are metaphors about Turkish in Turkish poetry used by poets set their heart on Turkish? 2.What are the conceptual categories of metaphors about Turkish in Turkish poetry used by poets ? This study was designed in accordance with survey model. Document analysis takes place in the qualitative research methods. The study is limited to Turkish Poetry after 1923.117 poems belong to 28 poets was examined in terms of this purpose. Metaphors which are the main data source of the study was analyzed with descriptive analyze technique. Findings were presented quantitatively

Assessing Turkish language books used for the first and second echelon in primary education in terms OS principles of creative writing

1st World Conference on Learning, Teaching and Administration, WCLTA-2010 -- 29 October 2010 through 31 October 2010 -- Cairo --Learning is a progress beginning with birth, and continuing for a lifetime. Primary education is the most important step where basic knowledge and skills are gained. Sound foundations in this stage will play an important role in one's lifetime achievements. In our age, where everything changes and develops with great speed, individuals; who can adapt to this speed, think, question, criticize, create solutions, always look forward, create multiple points of view, express his/her emotions independently, use his/her language effectively; are needed. There are two dimensions of language; understanding and expression. Speaking and writing is the dimension of expression; listening and reading is the dimension of understanding. Writing is an activity which develops later than reading. For the healthy development of writing skill in the manner our age requires, a versatile support is needed. Curriculum, teacher, family, books, especially the textbooks used in mother tongue lessons have important responsibilities in order to have the student express his/her emotions, thoughts, dreams independently. The reason is that books play an important role in the development of both oral and written expression skills. Are books being prepared in a way to fulfill this important responsibility they undertake? In this descriptive research, the sections and instructions of texts on written expression, included in Turkish Language textbooks (6-8) studied in school in Turkey during 2009-2010 education year. The data of the research have been gathered by document examination method, among qualitative research methods. A total of 638 activities and instructions in Turkish Language textbooks have been reviewed separately; the activities and instructions are evaluated according to our purpose. Direct quotations were taken and interpreted from the examined texts by presenting the findings with frequencies in tables. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd

The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of salvia officinalis on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rats

WOS: 000416428800001PubMed: 29131698Salvia officinalis, which has a high phenolic acid and flavonoid content, is a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herb. Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases and could cause damage by means of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of S. officinalis formed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced experimental inflammation model. Four- to five-month-old 42 female Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups. Three groups were administered intraperitoneally 1mg/kg LPS. Twenty-four hours after injection of LPS, 10 and 30mg/kg S. officinalis extract were given orally to treatment groups. Pulmonary and hepatic F-18-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18-FDG) uptake was calculated to determine the status of inflammation by 18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography ((18)FDG-PET) scan. Antioxidant enzyme activities and nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-B) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) levels were also detected in serum. As a result, lung and liver F-18-FDG uptake was found to be higher in the inflammation group than control group. MDA levels in erythrocyte and all tissue samples (liver, lung, and kidney) were found to be significantly higher compared to treatment groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase activities of the inflammation group in the liver, lung, kidney tissues, and erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities were determined to significantly lower than groups treated with S. officinalis. Increased NO, NF-B, and TNF- levels were found in the inflammation group. S. officinalis has been observed to have useful effects on LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in rats.Commission of Scientific Research Project Support (BAP) Eskisehir Osmangazi University (Turkey)This study was funded by the Commission of Scientific Research Project Support (BAP) Eskisehir Osmangazi University (Turkey)

Propolis protects endotoxin induced acute lung and liver inflammation through attenuating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress

WOS: 000431372400001PubMed: 29719160Propolis is a natural bee product, and it has many effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, and anticancer activity. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential in vivo anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties of propolis extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in rats. Forty-two, 3- to 4-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats were used in six groups. LPS (1mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to rats in inflammation, inflammation + propolis30, and inflammation+propolis90 groups. Thirty milligram/kilogram and 90mg/kg of propolis were given orally 24 h after LPS injection. After the determination of the inflammation in lung and liver tissues by F-18-fluoro-deoxy-d-glucose-positron emission tomography ((18)FDG-PET), samples were collected. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), nitric oxide (NO), and DNA fragmentation were determined. The decrease of MDA levels in inflammation + propolis30 and inflammation + propolis90 groups was determined compared to the inflammation group in lung and liver tissues. The increase of SOD% inhibition in inflammation + propolis90 group was determined in liver, lung, and hemolysate compared to the inflammation group. Increased CAT activities in inflammation + propolis30 and inflammation + propolis90 groups were observed in liver tissue and hemolysate compared to inflammation group. In lung tissue, NO levels were lower in inflammation group compared to the control group, but DNA fragmentation levels were higher. F-18-FDG uptake of tissues in inflammation + propolis30 and inflammation + propolis90 groups was decreased compared to the inflammation group. In conclusion, the data of this study indicate that the propolis application may serve as a potential approach for treating inflammatory diseases through the effect of reducing inflammation and free oxygen radical production

Posttreatment effects of olea europaea L. Leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride-Induced liver injury and oxidative Stress in rats

WOS: 000444689300007PubMed: 29648970The aim of this study is to examine the therapeutic effects of Olea europaea L. leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. In the experiments, 3- to 4-month-old 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, O. europaea leaf extract, CCl4, and curative. The CCl4 and curative groups received CCl4 (0.2mL/kg) intraperitoneally for 10 days to form hepatic injury. O. europaea (80mg/kg) leaf extract was given orally to the curative group dissolved in distilled water the following 14 days. Hepatic and antioxidant enzyme levels, p53, caspase 3, lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA), and also DNA fragmentation levels were determined to establish oxidative stress in hepatic cell damage and its consequences. After formation of liver damage, oral administration of the O. europaea significantly reduced CCl4-induced elevations of serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels (P<.001), MDA levels of both blood (P<.001) and liver tissues (P<.001), DNA fragmentation (P<.001), p53 (P<.001), and caspase 3 (P<.001) levels of liver tissues. Also this administration in curative group significantly increased CCl4-induced reductions of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<.001) and catalase (CAT) (P<.001) activity of blood samples and decreased SOD (P<.001) and CAT (P<.05) activity observed in liver tissue curative groups compared with CCl4 curative group. In CCl4 group, liver tissue samples exhibited remarkable damage because of CCl4 and reduction of these damages were observed in the curative group. Our results showed that O. europaea leaf extract was effective in reducing hepatic damage caused by CCl4 by reducing lipid peroxidation, regulating antioxidant enzymes, and minimizing DNA damage