61 research outputs found
On the degradation of metformin and carbamazepine residues in sewage sludge compost
ArticleRecent decades have shown intensive studies devoted to the fate of pharmaceuticals in
the environment. These studies have involved the development of
analytical tools, determination
of pharmaceuticals in different compartments, composting technologies, and plant uptake of
pharmaceuticals. The presence of organic pollutants in sewage sludge, including
pharmaceuticals, is a problem of major concern. The r
e
-
use of sewage sludge should be
encouraged since it represents a long
-
term solution provided that the quality of the sludge re
-
used
is compatible with public health and environmental protection requirements. Composting is a
widely recognized way of making
the soil application of sewage sludge safer.
In this study, the impact of sewage sludge composting on the degradation of metformin (MET),
by far the most often prescribed antidiabetic drug worldwide,
and carbamazepine (CBZ), a
poorly
biodegradable but
wid
ely used as an anticonvulsant drug to cure depression and seizures,
were
analysed. The anaerobically digested and dewatered sewage sludge samples were collected from
municipal wastewater treatment plant. Composting experiments were performed under fixed
co
nditions during 30 days. The results of the experiment showed that during a 1
-
month
composting period more than 90% of MET residues degraded, but no degradation of CBZ took
place during the composting period. The half
-
life of MET was 3 days for the compost
mixture
with the ratios of 1:3 and 1:2 (v:v). The results of this study show that composting maylead to the
efficient degradation of MET, whereas for the elimination of CBZ from sewage sludge different means should be used
Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the RNA M6A Demethylases FTO Potently Support the Survival of Dopamine Neurons
The fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), an RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, is an important regulator of central nervous system development, neuronal signaling and disease. We present here the target-tailored development and biological characterization of small-molecule inhibitors of FTO. The active compounds were identified using high-throughput molecular docking and molecular dynamics screening of the ZINC compound library. In FTO binding and activity-inhibition assays the two best inhibitors demonstrated Kd = 185 nM; IC50 = 1.46 ”M (compound 2) and Kd = 337 nM; IC50 = 28.9 ”M (compound 3). Importantly, the treatment of mouse midbrain dopaminergic neurons with the compounds promoted cellular survival and rescued them from growth factor deprivation induced apoptosis already at nanomolar concentrations. Moreover, both the best inhibitors demonstrated good blood-brain-barrier penetration in the model system, 31.7% and 30.8%, respectively. The FTO inhibitors demonstrated increased potency as compared to our recently developed ALKBH5 m6A demethylase inhibitors in protecting dopamine neurons. Inhibition of m6A RNA demethylation by small-molecule drugs, as presented here, has therapeutic potential and provides tools for the identification of disease-modifying m6A RNAs in neurogenesis and neuroregeneration. Further refinement of the lead compounds identified in this study can also lead to unprecedented breakthroughs in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
Accumulation of sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones from soil to plants
Saabunud / Received 12.12.2022 ; Aktsepteeritud / Accepted 29.06.2023 ; Avaldatud veebis / Published online 15.08.2023 ; Vastutav autor / Corresponding author Merike Lillenberg ; [email protected] current study was conducted to determine the potential
for some antibiotics to be taken up by food plants from soil fertilized with
manure, sewage sludge or its compost containing antibiotic residues. The
plants (potato â Solanum tuberosum L., carrot â Daucus carota L., and
wheat â Triticum aestivum L.) were cultivated in greenhouse under natural
light conditions in the presence of three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin,
ofloxacin, and norfloxacin), and two sulfonamides (sulfadimethoxine and
sulfamethoxazole). The uptake of antibiotics was demonstrated from two
different soils (loamy and loamy sand). The concentrations of each
antibiotic in soil were 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 10 mg kgâ1. The antibiotics
were extracted from the plants using the liquid extraction (LE) and cleaned
up by the solid phase extraction (SPE). The extracts were analyzed by
liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-ESI-MS/MS). The accumulation range depended on antibiotic con-
centration in soil, chemical properties of the antibiotic, soil type, plant
species and parts (overground or below-ground). At soil concentrations of
10 mg kgâ1 antibiotics accumulated in edible parts of most plants in
amounts, which exceeded their maximum residue levels (MRL) set for
food of animal origin â 100 ÎŒg kgâ1. The highest average content of
antibiotics was detected in potato tubers and carrot roots grown in the
loamy sand soil â 3897 ÎŒg kgâ1 and 3400 ÎŒg kgâ1 sulfamethoxazole. Plants
accumulated antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) from soil even at
soil concentration of 0.01 mg kgâ1. Mostly the highest concentrations of
antibiotics were detected in below-ground parts of the plants grown in the
loamy-sand soil
Ampitsilliini farmakokineetika enneaegsetel ja ajalistel vastsĂŒndinutel esimesel elunĂ€dalal
Eesti Arst 2022; 101(2):12
Shallow and Deep Groundwater Moderate Methane Dynamics in a High Arctic Glacial Catchment
Glacial groundwater can mobilize deep-seated methane from beneath glaciers and permafrost in the Arctic, leading to atmospheric emissions of this greenhouse gas. We present a temporal, hydro-chemical dataset of methane-rich groundwater collected during two melt seasons from a high Arctic glacial forefield to explore the seasonal dynamics of methane emissions. We use methane and ion concentrations and the isotopic composition of water and methane to investigate the sources of groundwater and the origin of the methane that the groundwater transports to the surface. Our results suggest two sources of groundwater, one shallow and one deep, which mix, and moderate methane dynamics. During summer, deep methane-rich groundwater is diluted by shallow oxygenated groundwater, leading to some microbial methane oxidation prior to its emergence at the surface. Characterization of the microbial compositions in the groundwater shows that microbial activity is an important seasonal methane sink along this flow-path. In the groundwater pool studied, we found that potential methane emissions were reduced by an average of 29% (±14%) throughout the summer due to microbial oxidation. During winter, deep groundwater remains active while many shallow systems shut down due to freezing, reducing subsurface methane oxidation, and potentially permitting larger methane emissions. Our results suggest that ratios of the different groundwater sources will change in the future as aquifer capacities and recharge volumes increase in a warming climate
Utilization of data below the analytical limit of quantitation in pharmacokinetic analysis and modeling: promoting interdisciplinary debate
Traditionally, bioanalytical laboratories do not report actual concentrations for samples with results below the LOQ (BLQ) in pharmacokinetic studies. BLQ values are outside the method calibration range established during validation and no data are available to support the reliability of these values. However, ignoring BLQ data can contribute to bias and imprecision in model-based pharmacokinetic analyses. From this perspective, routine use of BLQ data would be advantageous. We would like to initiate an interdisciplinary debate on this important topic by summarizing the current concepts and use of BLQ data by regulators, pharmacometricians and bioanalysts. Through introducing the limit of detection and evaluating its variability, BLQ data could be released and utilized appropriately for pharmacokinetic research
HIV Replication Is Increased by RNA Methylation METTL3/METTL14/WTAP Complex Activators
The N6-methyladenosine (m(6)A) modifications in both viral and host cell RNAs play an important role in HIV-1 virus genome transcription and virus replication. We demonstrate here that activators of the METTL3/METTL14/WTAP RNA methyltransferase complex enhance the production of virus particles in cells harboring HIV-1 provirus. In parallel, the amount of m(6)A residues in the host cell mRNA was increased in the presence of these activator compounds. Importantly, the m(6)A methylation of the HIV-1 RNA was also enhanced significantly (about 18%). The increase of virus replication by the small-molecule activators of the METTL3/METTL14/WTAP complex excludes them as potential anti-HIV-1 drug candidates. However, the compounds may be of large interest as activators for the latent HIV-1 provirus copies deposited in host cells' genome and the subsequent virus eradication by an antiviral compound.Peer reviewe
Human Biomonitoring in the Oil Shale Industry Area in Estonia : Overview of Earlier Programmes and Future Perspectives
Ida-Viru County, in Eastern Estonia, features industrially contaminated sitesâwhere oil shale has been mined and used for electricity generation, and shale oil extraction. Higher prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular disease has been found in the region due to high quantities of air pollution. Within the framework of âStudies of the health impact of the oil shale sectorâSOHOS,â this analysis aimed to map earlier human biomonitoring (HBM) studies and identify the suitable biomarkers for upcoming HBM in Estonia. Altogether, three studies have been conducted among residents: first, among adults in the 1980's; second, among children in the 1990's; and third, among employees, with a focus on workers and miners in the oil shale chemistry industry in the late 1990's and 2000's. In some of those studies, increased levels of biomarkers in blood and urine (heavy metals, 1-OHP) have appeared; nevertheless, in last 20 years, there has been no population-wide HBM in Estonia. According to air pollution monitoring and emission analysis, the pollutants of concern are benzene, PM10, PM2.5, and PAHs. In general, there is a decreasing trend in air pollutant levels, with the exception of a slight increase in 2018. One of the aims of HBM is to be analyzed if this trend can be identified in HBM, using similar biomarkers as applied earlier. The future perspective HBM could be divided into two Tiers. Tier 1 should focus on exposure biomarkers as heavy metals, PAH, and BTEX metabolites and Tier 2, in later stage, on effect biomarkers as Ox LDL, TBARS, etc
Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines Profiling and Variation in Wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae Species from Sardinia and Corse
The cardueae are a common species in the Mediterranean area where they grow spontaneously and are traditionally employed as food and for health purposes. In this work, five Cardueae, including two sub-endemic species (four Carduus and three Ptilostemon casabonae (L.) Greuter samples from different locations) were collected from Sardinia and the Corse islands. All the considered plants are characteristic of the area, in particular the sub-endemic species C. cephalanthus and P. casabonae. This work aims to obtain, for the first time, the amino compounds profile (primary metabolites) of these little-studied species to detect for any similarities and differences among the different samples using statistical analyses. A recently developed method was employed, where diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (DEEMM) derivatives are detected in a neutral loss scan mode using high performance liquid chromatography in tandem with a mass spectrometry technique. In total, 42 amino compounds were detected, of which 33 were fully identified and semi-quantified. Overall, the results show that DEEMM-derivatized amino compounds are qualitatively similar among the considered samples. Nonetheless, a discrimination at the genus level is possible. This work adds more information regarding the phytochemical composition regarding the primary metabolites of the considered samples, their discriminations and the search for compounds with potential health benefits
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