The 'Open Method of Coordination' as an Instrument for Implementing the Principle of Subsidiarity? WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 33/2005

[From the Introduction]. Since the Treaty of Maastricht (1992), later incorporated in the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), the concept of ‘subsidiarity’ has become a prominent part of the constitutional order of the European Union. Since 1992, the Commission publishes a report each year on the application of the principle of subsidiarity. Also, in the recent debates about the Constitutional Treaty, reference has often been made to this principle for or against certain proposals how the relations between the Union and the Member States should be regulated. Indeed, in a multi-level political system like the European Union, it is an issue of crucial importance how competences are divided and shared between the different levels of government (European, national, regional, communal). At least for someone who comes from a federal state like the Federal Republic of Germany, it is somewhat surprising that the notion of ‘federalism’ is not mentioned in this context, and is almost banned from the official vocabulary of the EU. For the very same problems of an adequate division of responsibilities and powers between the different levels of government pose themselves in every federal political system (Scharpf 1985). It is also somewhat surprising that the notion of ‘subsidiarity’ has been adopted instead, because this concept – as it was first used in the Papal Encyclical “Quadragesimo anno” of Pope Pius XI (1931) – originally referred to the relationship between the individual and the various social communities to which individuals belong (family, church, other associations). So it can be said to refer primarily to the relationships between state and non-state actors, rather than to the relationships between different territorial levels of government

Funktionelle Charakterisierung von extrazellulären Mutationen der Rezeptortyrosinkinasen KIT und FLT3 in der akuten myeloischen Leukämie

Aktivierende Mutationen in Rezeptortyrosinkinasen spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Pathogenese solider und hämatologischer Neoplasien, wie der akuten myeloischen Leukämie (AML). Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden bislang nicht-charakterisierte Mutationen der Protoonkogene c-KIT und FLT3, die in der AML auftreten, in Zellkulturmodellen auf ihr transformierendes Potential hin untersucht. In-frame-Mutationen in Exon 8 des c-KIT-Gens, die aus kleinen Deletionen mit oder ohne Insertionen im extrazellulären Bereich bestehen, treten nahezu ausschließlich in Core-binding-Faktor-Leukämien auf und verschlechtern die Prognose der betroffenen Patienten. Drei repräsentative Exon-8-Mutationen wurden stabil in IL-3-abhängigen Ba/F3-Zellen exprimiert. Sie führten zur Hyperaktiverung des Rezeptors nach Ligandenstimulation, was sich in verstärkter Proliferation und Resistenz gegenüber Apoptose äußerte. In Rezeptor-Crosslinking-Experimenten zeigte eine repräsentative Exon-8-Mutante spontane und erhöhte liganden-induzierte Dimerisierung. Die biologischen Effekte konnten anhand einer erhöhten Phosphorylierung des nachgeordneten Signalmoleküls Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase (MAPK) bestätigt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu hatte der FLT3-D324N-Single-Nukleotid-Polymorphismus, der in 6.4% von De-novo-AML-, 9.0% von CML- und 4.5% von ALL-Patientenproben detektiert wurde, keinerlei Auswirkungen auf die Prognose von AML-Patienten und wurde auch bei Kontrollpersonen gefunden (1.5%). Er wies keine funktionellen Unterschiede zu Wildtyp-FLT3 hinsichtlich Rezeptorphosphorylierung, Proliferation oder Apoptoseresistenz auf. Im Gegensatz zu Exon-8-Mutationen besitzen KIT-Mutationen in der Aktivierungsschleife, die – wie hier gezeigt wurde- die Prognose von Patienten mit günstigem Karyotyp verschlechtern, Resistenz gegenüber dem PTK-Inhibitor Imatinib. Zwei dem Imatinib nicht-verwandte Inhibitoren – PKC412 und SU5614 – wurden auf die Ansprechbarkeit von KIT-D816V getestet. Nur PKC412 war in der Lage, das spontane Wachstum von KIT-D816V-transduzierten Ba/F3-Zellen und die Rezeptorautophosphorylierung in HEK 293T-Zellen zu inhibieren. PKC412 führte überdies in den Ba/F3-Zellen zu einem deutlichen G0/G1-Arrest. Die beschriebenen In-vitro-Versuche können zwar einen ersten Einblick in die Rolle der untersuchten Mutationen in der AML bieten, tiefergehende Modelle sind jedoch vonnöten, um das Verständnis der Krankheitsentstehung in diesem Kontext zu erhöhen

Discerning the spatio-temporal disease patterns of surgically induced OA mouse models

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of disability in ageing societies, with no effective therapies available to date. Two preclinical models are widely used to validate novel OA interventions (MCL-MM and DMM). Our aim is to discern disease dynamics in these models to provide a clear timeline in which various pathological changes occur. OA was surgically induced in mice by destabilisation of the medial meniscus. Analysis of OA progression revealed that the intensity and duration of chondrocyte loss and cartilage lesion formation were significantly different in MCL-MM vs DMM. Firstly, apoptosis was seen prior to week two and was narrowly restricted to the weight bearing area. Four weeks post injury the magnitude of apoptosis led to a 40–60% reduction of chondrocytes in the non-calcified zone. Secondly, the progression of cell loss preceded the structural changes of the cartilage spatio-temporally. Lastly, while proteoglycan loss was similar in both models, collagen type II degradation only occurred more prominently in MCL-MM. Dynamics of chondrocyte loss and lesion formation in preclinical models has important implications for validating new therapeutic strategies. Our work could be helpful in assessing the feasibility and expected response of the DMM- and the MCL-MM models to chondrocyte mediated therapies

Extreme enrichment in atmospheric 15N15N.

Molecular nitrogen (N2) comprises three-quarters of Earth's atmosphere and significant portions of other planetary atmospheres. We report a 19 per mil (‰) excess of 15N15N in air relative to a random distribution of nitrogen isotopes, an enrichment that is 10 times larger than what isotopic equilibration in the atmosphere allows. Biological experiments show that the main sources and sinks of N2 yield much smaller proportions of 15N15N in N2. Electrical discharge experiments, however, establish 15N15N excesses of up to +23‰. We argue that 15N15N accumulates in the atmosphere because of gas-phase chemistry in the thermosphere (>100 km altitude) on time scales comparable to those of biological cycling. The atmospheric 15N15N excess therefore reflects a planetary-scale balance of biogeochemical and atmospheric nitrogen chemistry, one that may also exist on other planets

SLCV–a supervised learning—computer vision combined strategy for automated muscle fibre detection in cross-sectional images

Muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) is an important biomedical measure used to determine the structural composition of skeletal muscle, and it is relevant for tackling research questions in many different fields of research. To date, time consuming and tedious manual delineation of muscle fibres is often used to determine the CSA. Few methods are able to automatically detect muscle fibres in muscle fibre cross-sections to quantify CSA due to challenges posed by variation of brightness and noise in the staining images. In this paper, we introduce the supervised learning-computer vision combined pipeline (SLCV), a robust semi-automatic pipeline for muscle fibre detection, which combines supervised learning (SL) with computer vision (CV). SLCV is adaptable to different staining methods and is quickly and intuitively tunable by the user. We are the first to perform an error analysis with respect to cell count and area, based on which we compare SLCV to the best purely CV-based pipeline in order to identify the contribution of SL and CV steps to muscle fibre detection. Our results obtained on 27 fluorescence-stained cross-sectional images of varying staining quality suggest that combining SL and CV performs significantly better than both SL-based and CV-based methods with regards to both the cell separation- and the area reconstruction error. Furthermore, applying SLCV to our test set images yielded fibre detection results of very high quality, with average sensitivity values of 0.93 or higher on different cluster sizes and an average Dice similarity coefficient of 0.9778

Characterization of Eag1 Channel Lateral Mobility in Rat Hippocampal Cultures by Single-Particle-Tracking with Quantum Dots

Voltage-gated ion channels are main players involved in fast synaptic events. However, only slow intracellular mechanisms have so far been described for controlling their localization as real-time visualization of endogenous voltage-gated channels at high temporal and spatial resolution has not been achieved yet. Using a specific extracellular antibody and quantum dots we reveal and characterize lateral mobility as a faster mechanism to dynamically control the number of endogenous ether-a-go-go (Eag)1 ion channels inside synapses. We visualize Eag1 entering and leaving synapses by lateral diffusion in the plasma membrane of rat hippocampal neurons. Mathematical analysis of their trajectories revealed how the motion of Eag1 gets restricted when the channels diffuse into the synapse, suggesting molecular interactions between Eag1 and synaptic components. In contrast, Eag1 channels switch to Brownian movement when they exit synapses and diffuse into extrasynaptic membranes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mobility of Eag1 channels is specifically regulated inside synapses by actin filaments, microtubules and electrical activity. In summary, using single-particle-tracking techniques with quantum dots nanocrystals, our study shows for the first time the lateral diffusion of an endogenous voltage-gated ion channel in neurons. The location-dependent constraints imposed by cytoskeletal elements together with the regulatory role of electrical activity strongly suggest a pivotal role for the mobility of voltage-gated ion channels in synaptic activity

A defect in molybdenum cofactor binding causes an attenuated form of sulfite oxidase deficiency

Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (ISOD) is a rare recessive and infantile lethal metabolic disorder, which is caused by functional loss of sulfite oxidase (SO) due to mutations of the SUOX gene. SO is a mitochondrially localized molybdenum cofactor (Moco)- and heme-dependent enzyme, which catalyzes the vital oxidation of toxic sulfite to sulfate. Accumulation of sulfite and sulfite-related metabolites such as S-sulfocysteine (SSC) are drivers of severe neurodegeneration leading to early childhood death in the majority of ISOD patients. Full functionality of SO is dependent on correct insertion of the heme cofactor and Moco, which is controlled by a highly orchestrated maturation process. This maturation involves the translation in the cytosol, import into the intermembrane space (IMS) of mitochondria, cleavage of the mitochondrial targeting sequence, and insertion of both cofactors. Moco insertion has proven as the crucial step in this maturation process, which enables the correct folding of the homodimer and traps SO in the IMS. Here, we report on a novel ISOD patient presented at 17 months of age carrying the homozygous mutation NM_001032386.2 (SUOX):c.1097G > A, which results in the expression of SO variant R366H. Our studies show that histidine substitution of Arg366, which is involved in coordination of the Moco-phosphate, causes a severe reduction in Moco insertion efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Expression of R366H in HEK SUOX-/- cells mimics the phenotype of patient's fibroblasts, representing a loss of SO expression and specific activity. Our studies disclose a general paradigm for a kinetic defect in Moco insertion into SO caused by residues involved in Moco coordination resulting in the case of R366H in an attenuated form of ISO