Transcriptional response to hypoxia in human tumors.

BACKGROUND: The presence of hypoxic regions within solid tumors is associated with a more malignant tumor phenotype and worse prognosis. To obtain a blood supply and protect against cellular damage and death, oxygen-deprived cells in tumors alter gene expression, resulting in resistance to therapy. To investigate the mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to hypoxia, we looked for novel hypoxia-induced genes. METHODS: The transcriptional response to hypoxia in human glioblastoma cells was quantified with the use of serial analysis of gene expression. The time course of gene expression in response to hypoxia in a panel of various human tumor cell lines was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hypoxic regions of human carcinomas were chemically marked with pimonidazole. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to examine gene expression in the tumor's hypoxic regions. RESULTS: From the 24 504 unique transcripts expressed, 10 new hypoxia-regulated genes were detected-all induced, to a greater extent than vascular endothelial growth factor, a hypoxia-induced mitogen that promotes blood vessel growth. These genes also responded to hypoxia in breast and colon cancer cells and were activated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1, a key regulator of hypoxic responses. In tumors, gene expression was limited to hypoxic regions. Induced genes included hexabrachion (an extracellular matrix glycoprotein), stanniocalcin 1 (a calcium homeostasis protein), and an angiopoietin-related gene. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified the genes that are transcriptionally activated within hypoxic malignant cells, a crucial first step in understanding the complex interactions driving hypoxia response. Within our catalogue of hypoxia-responsive genes are novel candidates for hypoxia-driven angiogenesis

Liberação de macronutrientes das palhadas de milheto solteiro e consorciado com feijão-de-porco sob cultivo de feijão Macronutrient release from straw of millet and millet - jack - bean intercropping under common bean

A ciclagem de nutrientes está relacionada com a capacidade de absorção das diferentes espécies de plantas de cobertura. Já as velocidades de decomposição e liberação de nutrientes, das palhadas produzidas pelas mesmas, têm com fator principal a relação C/N, com diferença marcante entre gramíneas e leguminosas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de matéria seca, teor, acúmulo, decomposição e liberação de macronutrientes da palhada de milheto (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf) solteiro e consorciado com feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes (L.) DC.), em ambiente de campo, sob a cultura do feijoeiro, semeada em agosto de 2005 (inverno/primavera), em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico. A liberação de nutrientes foi determinada por meio da distribuição de bolsas confeccionadas com telas de náilon, com malha de 1 mm, de dimensões de 0,2 x 0,2 m, preenchidas com quantidades de palha proporcionais à área da bolsa. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos dois tipos de palhadas (milheto e milheto + feijão-de-porco), e as subparcelas, pelas épocas de avaliação ao longo do cultivo do feijoeiro (0, 8, 16, 24, 40, 56 e 72 dias após o manejo das plantas de cobertura). Os resíduos coletados foram secos em estufa de circulação forçada de ar, a 65 ºC, até atingirem peso constante, para determinação da matéria seca remanescente, sendo posteriormente moídos e encaminhados para a determinação dos teores de macronutrientes. Com base nos teores e na matéria seca remanescente, foram calculadas as quantidades remanescentes dos macronutrientes, sendo elas expressas em percentagem do valor inicial. Os valores foram ajustados a modelos não lineares, escolhendo-se aqueles com melhor ajuste em cada situação. A palhada de milheto + feijão-deporco apresentou maior quantidade de matéria seca e maiores teores de N e Ca, ciclando maior quantidade de todos os macronutrientes. A palhada de milheto + feijão-de-porco apresentou maiores velocidades de decomposição e liberação de N, Ca e Mg.<br>Nutrients recycle is related to the absorption capacity by different cover crop species. Already speeds of decomposition and of nutrient release of straws produced is mostly related with C/N ratio, with a marked difference between grasses and leguminous. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass production and macronutrient contents and accumulation, decomposition, and nutrient release from straw of millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf) and millet - jack - bean (Canavalia ensiformes (L.) DC.) intercropping, under field conditions, under common bean, sown in August (winter/spring). Decomposition and nutrient release was determined in nylon bags (0.2 x 0.2 m, 1 mm mesh) filled with straw quantities according to the area of the bag. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications in split plot arrangement. The straws represented the plots and the subplots evaluation periods (0, 8, 16, 24, 40, 56, and 72 days). The residues were dried to constant weight in a forced-air oven at 65 ºC to determine the remaining dry matter, then ground and sent to a laboratory to analyze macronutrient contents. Based on the contents and remaining dry matter amounts, the remaining nutrient amounts were determined, expressed in relation to the initial amount. Non-linear models were fit to the values, choosing the best adjustment in each case. Biomass quantity, N and Ca contents and cycling of nutrient quantities was greatest in the intercropping straw. The decomposition and nutrient release speeds were also highest in millet - jack - bean intercropping straw

Aporte de carbono solúvel pelo sistema radicular de arroz e sua influência nos teores de substâncias húmicas de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Input of dissolved carbon and its influence on humic substances content in an Oxisol

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a contribuição da deposição de C-orgânico solúvel pelo sistema radicular de arroz e a evolução de CO2, durante 64 dias de incubação, em amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo com adição de glicose e de raízes de arroz coletadas em diversos estádios de crescimento da planta (aos 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 e 140 dias da semeadura). Foi realizado o fracionamento da matéria orgânica humificada para avaliar o efeito da adição de sistema radicular na composição do húmus do solo. A rizodeposição de C-orgânico via exsudatos e, ou, decomposição de tecidos mortos mostrou-se correlacionada com o estádio de desenvolvimento da cultura. A rizodeposição total foi estimada em valores ao redor de 90 g m-2 de C por ciclo da planta. A adição de C via raízes às amostras de solo promoveu intensa mineralização da matéria orgânica preexistente no solo, principalmente nos primeiros dias de incubação, e aumentou o teor de C na fração ácidos fúlvicos do húmus, no final do experimento.<br>The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of soluble organic-C deposition by rice root system and the CO2 evolution during 64 days in an Oxisol samples treated with glucose, and rice roots collected at different plant growth stages (40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 days after sowing). Thereafter, organic matter was fractionated to evaluate the effect of the addition of a root system on the soil humus composition. It was possible to observe the intense rhizodeposition of organic C by exudation or by decomposition of dead tissues. Organic C deposition via rhizodeposition was correlated with the plant development stages. Total rhizodeposition was estimated to be around 90 g m-2 C per plant cycle. The addition of organic C into soil samples via roots promoted intense mineralization of the native soil organic matter, particularly in the beginning of the incubation period, and eventually enhanced the fulvic acids concentration by the end of the experiment

Female-biased mortality in experimentally parasitized Alpine Swift Apus melba nestlings

1. Sex-biased mortality in adult vertebrates is often attributed to lower immunocompetence and higher parasite susceptibility of males. Although sex-specific mortality has also been reported during growth, the importance of sex-specific immunocompetence and parasite susceptibility in explaining male-biased mortality remains ambiguous in growing individuals because of potentially confounding sources of mortality such as sexual dimorphism. 2. Here, we investigated sex-specific susceptibility to the blood-sucking louse fly Crataerina melbae and sex differences in cell-mediated immunity in a bird species that is sexually monomorphic both in size and plumage coloration at the nestling stage, the Alpine Swift, Apus melba. 3. For this purpose, we manipulated ectoparasite loads by adding or removing flies to randomly chosen nests in two years, and injected nestlings with mitogenic phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in another year. 4. There were no significant differences between male and female offspring in immune response towards PHA, parasite load, and parasite-induced decrease in growth rate. Secondary sex ratios were however biased toward males in parasitized broods, and this was explained by a greater mortality of females in parasitized than deparasitized broods. 5. Our findings are in contrast to the widely accepted hypothesis that males suffer a greater cost of parasitism. We discuss alternative hypotheses accounting for female-specific mortality