The Impact of Schooling on the Timing of Marriage and Fertility: Evidence from a Change in Compulsory Schooling Law

This paper estimates the impact of schooling on the timing of marriage and early fertility using the 2003 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey and duration analysis methodology. The source of exogenous variation in schooling is the extension of compulsory schooling in Turkey in 1997. The findings indicate that at age 17 –three years after the completion of compulsory schooling –, the proportion of women who are married drops from 15.2 to 10 percent and the proportion of women who have given birth falls from 6.2 to 3.5 percent as a result of the new policy. This implies that the impact of increased schooling on marriage and early fertility persists beyond the completion of compulsory schooling for an important duration. In addition, the delay in the timing of first-birth is driven from the delay in the timing of marriage. After a woman is married, schooling does not have an effect on the duration until her first-birth.Age at marriage, Fertility, Education, Compulsory Schooling, Turkey

The Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Strength in Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of respiratory muscle training on respiratory functions and aerobic and anaerobic strength in adolescent taekwondo athletes. Between the ages of 12–17, 32 taekwondo athletes participated in the study. Participating athletes were randomly divided into two groups as ‘’experimental group’’ (n=15) and ‘’control group’’ (n=17) as to similar characteristics. The experimental group was given respiratory muscle training for 30 min with an adjustable respiratory pressure device for 3 days a week through 8 weeks period. No exercise was given to the control group with the device. A 20 meter shuttle run test was performed for aerobic capacity and a vertical jump test was performed for anaerobic strength. The inspiratory pressure was measured. After the respiratory muscle training, statistically significant difference was found in the maximum oxygen consumption capacities (MaxVO2) and anaerobic strength values (p<0.05). In the measurements of respiratory function, forced vital capacity (FVC), slow vital capacity (SVC) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group (p<0.05). In the measurements of inspiration pressure, the results of pressure, strength, flow, volume and energy values were significantly different in favor of the experimental group (p<0.05). Respiratory muscle training increased the aerobic and anaerobic strength capacity of the experimental group in comparison with the control group. Some of the exercises that were used in the treatment of COPD are thought to facilitate the athletes’ respiration control

The Effect of Compulsory Schooling Laws on Teenage Marriage and Births in Turkey

This paper estimates the impact of the extension of compulsory schooling in Turkey from 5 to 8 years on the marriage and fertility behavior of teenage women in Turkey using the 2008 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey. We find that the new education policy reduces the probability of marriage and giving birth for teenage women substantially: the probability of marriage by age 16 is reduced by 44 percent and the probability of giving birth by age 17 falls by 36 percent. The effects of the education policy on the time until marriage and firstbirth persist beyond the completion of compulsory schooling. In addition, we find that the delay in the time until first-birth is driven by the delay in the time until marriage. After a woman is married, the rise in compulsory schooling years does not have an effect on the duration until her first-birth. Finally, we find that the education policy was more effective in reducing early marriage than a change in the Civil Code aimed for this purpose.Age at marriage, Fertility, Education, Compulsory Schooling

The Contributions of Georgia’s Geopolitics to the Country’s Economy

In this article, the effects of Georgia's current geopolitical situation on the country's economic development are being investigated. Although Georgia lost control of the two strategic regions such as Abkhazia and Ossetia right after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it maintained its geopolitical importance in the South Caucasus. In this context, the definition of geographical space was clarified in the article, and the recent situation in the South Caucasus, the changes in the region after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the results of these changes were evaluated. In addition, the advantages of Georgia's geopolitical position and other additional issues affecting the economic development of this country were taken into account, and the reflections of the problems between Azerbaijan and Armenia on Georgia were examined, and finally, comments on the future of the South Caucasus were made

Sublingual epidermoid cyst: a case report

Epidermoid and dermoid cysts represent less than 0.01% of all oral cavity cysts. The cysts can be defined as epidermoid when the lining presents only epithelium, dermoid cysts when skin adnexa are found, and teratoid cysts when other tissue such as muscle, cartilage, and bone are present

Sequence variants of CYP345a1 and CYP6a14 gene regions in tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults treated with the novel characterized bolanthus turcicus (Caryophyllaceae) extract

In this study, various doses of plant extracts that obtained from Bolanthus turcicus was applied to an important storage pest Tribolium castaneum adults. Bolanthus turcicus is an endemic species and spreads on the Hasan Mountain above Karkin town (Turkey, Aksaray province). The plant species was collected from June to July with the field study to be carried out in this region. Obtained extract of plant was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The doses were defined during the study and the concentrations that kill 50% and 99% of the population were determined after applications. After 24 h, DNA was isolated from live and dead individuals that obtained from LC50 and LC99 concentration applications and analyzed for Cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification resistance genes, CYP345A1 and CYP6A14 gene regions, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CYP genes in insects are known to be rapidly regulated when exposed to insecticides. In the study, in order to screen for 206 bp and 353 bp fragments of CYP345A1 and CYP6A14 genes in T. castaneum adults were amplified using specific primers, respectively. DNA direct sequencing was performed on each template using the forward primer. When compared to the control, it is believed that mutation differences in live and dead individuals according to the sequencing results obtained from survival and dead adults, may allow these genes to play a protective role against the toxic effect of B. turcicus extract. © Shiraz University

YAT MOBİLYASI İMALATI VE İŞLETMELERİN KARŞILAŞTIKLARI SORUNLAR ÜZERİNE ALAN ARAŞTIRMASI

Bu çalışmayla, Gemi İnşa Sanayii’nin alt kolu olan yat inşasında, mobilya imalatı yapan firmalar incelenmiştir. Küçük ve lüks olmayan yatların iç mekan tasarımı ve mobilya imalatı genellikle mikro ölçekteki işletmeler tarafından yapıldığı için çalışmanın evreni 12m ve üzeri boya sahip lüks yat üreticileri olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma, Marmara bölgesindeki firmalarla yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmadaki yat inşa eden tersane ve mobilya ve dekorasyon imalatı yapan firmaların belirlenmesinde ilgili illerin Sanayi Odaları, Deniz Ticaret Odası, Gemi İnşa Sanayicileri Birliği, Yat ve Tekne Endüstrisi Federasyonu gibi kurum ve kuruluşların kayıtlarına ilaveten fuar broşürleri de kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen işletme bilgileri; Tersane, iç mekan tasarımı ve mobilya ve dekorasyon imali şeklinde 3 farklı gruba ayrılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda işletmelerin faaliyet sorunları belirlenip bunlara ilişkin değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır

Single step therapy for abscess foci localized at different parts of the body using trocar type catheter: Results of two year-experience

Objectives: The aim of this study was to emphasize the feasibility and cost effectiveness of trocar type catheter in percutaneous abscess drainage under imaging guidance and to determine the clinical efficacy of the method.Materials and methods: From June 2008 to December 2010, 48 patients who were referred to interventional radiology unit, in order to undergo percutaneous abscess drainage. All was data including age, the organ or the part of the body where the abscess was localized and size of abscess were recorded. Forty-two (87%) patients underwent drainage with ultrasonographic guidance, while 6 (13%) underwent with computed tomography guidance. One pediatric patient underwent systemic sedation anesthesia (with remiphentanyl and midazolam) and the rest of the patient with local anesthesia (with prilocain hydrochlorid). Catheterization procedure with which abscess drainage was done accepted as technically successful.Results: Imaging guided percutaneous abscess drainage procedures were performed with trocar type catheter to localized abscesses in different organs or systems in 48 patients (25 men, 23 women, mean age 52 years, range 2-82 years). Technical success was 100% in all cases. No patient had a complication during the procedure. Time to extraction of percutaneous catheter after drainage procedure was 5-28 days (mean 11.2 days). There was no recurrence except for a case, in which an abscess at the splenectomy site was successfully drained.Conclusion: Percutaneous drainage with imaging guidance using the trocar type catheter should be preferred because of its feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and reduced rate of complications in treating abscesses, which localized at different organ systems