Lung function and bronchial hyperreactivity from 11 to 18 years in children with bronchiolitis in infancy.

Background Various trajectories for lung function and bronchial hyper‐reactivity (BHR) from early childhood to adulthood are described, including puberty as a period with excessive lung growth. Bronchiolitis in infancy may be associated with increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the development of respiratory patterns during puberty is poorly characterized for these children. We aimed to study the development and trajectories of lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis in infancy. Methods Infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis at the University Hospitals in Stavanger and Bergen, Norway, during 1997‐1998, and an age‐matched control group, were included in a longitudinal follow‐up study and examined at 11 and 18 years of age with spirometry and methacholine provocation test (MPT). The MPT data were managed as dose‐response slope (DRS) in the statistical analyses. Changes in lung function and DRS from 11 to 18 years of age were analyzed by generalized estimating equations, including interaction terms. Results z‐scores for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and DRS were not different from 11 to 18 years of age in both the post‐bronchiolitis and the control group. The trajectories from 11 to 18 years did not differ between the two groups. BHR at age 11 was independently associated with asthma at age 18. Conclusion Children hospitalized for bronchiolitis had stable predicted lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age. The lung function trajectories were not different from controls.publishedVersio

Blood eosinophils during bronchiolitis: Associations with atopy, asthma and lung function in young adults

Aim: To study if blood eosinophils during bronchiolitis were associated with atopy, asthma and lung function in young adults and if these associations differed between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis and non-RSV bronchiolitis. Methods: This historical cohort enrolled 225 subjects. Blood eosinophils were measured during bronchiolitis in infancy, and the subjects were invited to a follow-up at 17–20 years of age including questionnaires for asthma and examinations of lung function and atopy. Results: The level of eosinophils was positively associated with subsequent atopy in the unadjusted analysis, but not in the adjusted analysis, and not with asthma. There was a negative association between the level of eosinophils and forced vital capacity (FVC) (−0.11; −0.19, −0.02) and forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (−0.12; −0.21, −0.03) (regression coefficient; 95% confidence interval). The non-RSV group had higher levels of eosinophils during bronchiolitis, but there was no interaction between the level of eosinophils and RSV status for any outcome. Conclusions: The level of eosinophils during bronchiolitis was negatively associated with lung function in young adult age, but we found no associations with atopy or asthma. These associations were not different after RSV bronchiolitis compared to non-RSV bronchiolitis.publishedVersio

Asthma, atopy and lung function in young adults after hospitalisation for bronchiolitis in infancy: impact of virus and sex

Background: Hospitalisation for bronchiolitis is a risk factor for asthma and impaired lung function during childhood, but outcomes in young adults are poorly described. Our primary aim was to study the prevalence of asthma and atopy, and lung function at 17–20 years of age after bronchiolitis in infancy and, secondarily, the impact of viral aetiology (respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vs non-RSV) and sex on these outcomes. Methods: This Norwegian cohort study enrolled 225 young adults hospitalised for bronchiolitis in infancy during 1996–2001 and 167 matched control subjects. The follow-up included questionnaires for asthma and examinations of lung function and atopy. Outcomes were analysed by mixed effects regressions. Results: Current asthma was more frequent in the postbronchiolitis group versus the control group: 25.1% (95% CI 19.0% to 31.2%) vs 13.1% (95% CI 7.9% to 18.2%), but not atopy: 44.3% (95% CI 37.1% to 51.5%) vs 48.2% (95% CI 40.5% to 55.8%), adjusted predicted proportions (95% CIs). Asthma prevalence did not differ between the RSV group and the non-RSV group: 24.0% (95% CI 16.1% to 32.0%) vs 23.8% (95% CI 12.8% to 34.7%) nor between sexes. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the ratio FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC, were lower in the postbronchiolitis group. Conclusion: Young adults hospitalised for bronchiolitis had higher prevalence of asthma, but not atopy, and a more obstructive lung function pattern than control subjects. The asthma prevalence was high after both RSV bronchiolitis and non-RSV bronchiolitis, and there was no difference between sexes. Bronchiolitis in infancy is associated with respiratory morbidity persisting into young adulthood.publishedVersio

Lung function and bronchial hyperreactivity from 11 to 18 years in children with bronchiolitis in infancy.

Background Various trajectories for lung function and bronchial hyper‐reactivity (BHR) from early childhood to adulthood are described, including puberty as a period with excessive lung growth. Bronchiolitis in infancy may be associated with increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the development of respiratory patterns during puberty is poorly characterized for these children. We aimed to study the development and trajectories of lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis in infancy. Methods Infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis at the University Hospitals in Stavanger and Bergen, Norway, during 1997‐1998, and an age‐matched control group, were included in a longitudinal follow‐up study and examined at 11 and 18 years of age with spirometry and methacholine provocation test (MPT). The MPT data were managed as dose‐response slope (DRS) in the statistical analyses. Changes in lung function and DRS from 11 to 18 years of age were analyzed by generalized estimating equations, including interaction terms. Results z‐scores for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and DRS were not different from 11 to 18 years of age in both the post‐bronchiolitis and the control group. The trajectories from 11 to 18 years did not differ between the two groups. BHR at age 11 was independently associated with asthma at age 18. Conclusion Children hospitalized for bronchiolitis had stable predicted lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age. The lung function trajectories were not different from controls

Asthma, atopy and lung function in young adults after hospitalisation for bronchiolitis in infancy: impact of virus and sex

Background: Hospitalisation for bronchiolitis is a risk factor for asthma and impaired lung function during childhood, but outcomes in young adults are poorly described. Our primary aim was to study the prevalence of asthma and atopy, and lung function at 17–20 years of age after bronchiolitis in infancy and, secondarily, the impact of viral aetiology (respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vs non-RSV) and sex on these outcomes. Methods: This Norwegian cohort study enrolled 225 young adults hospitalised for bronchiolitis in infancy during 1996–2001 and 167 matched control subjects. The follow-up included questionnaires for asthma and examinations of lung function and atopy. Outcomes were analysed by mixed effects regressions. Results: Current asthma was more frequent in the postbronchiolitis group versus the control group: 25.1% (95% CI 19.0% to 31.2%) vs 13.1% (95% CI 7.9% to 18.2%), but not atopy: 44.3% (95% CI 37.1% to 51.5%) vs 48.2% (95% CI 40.5% to 55.8%), adjusted predicted proportions (95% CIs). Asthma prevalence did not differ between the RSV group and the non-RSV group: 24.0% (95% CI 16.1% to 32.0%) vs 23.8% (95% CI 12.8% to 34.7%) nor between sexes. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the ratio FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC, were lower in the postbronchiolitis group. Conclusion: Young adults hospitalised for bronchiolitis had higher prevalence of asthma, but not atopy, and a more obstructive lung function pattern than control subjects. The asthma prevalence was high after both RSV bronchiolitis and non-RSV bronchiolitis, and there was no difference between sexes. Bronchiolitis in infancy is associated with respiratory morbidity persisting into young adulthood

Villreinen i Ottadalen. Kunnskapsstatus og leveområde

Jordhøy, P. (red.), Sørensen, R., Aaboen, S., Berge, J., Dalen, B., Fortun, E., Granum, K., Rødstøl, T., Sørumgård, R. & Strand, O. 2011. Villreinen i Ottadalen. Kunnskapsstatus og leveområde. – NINA Rapport 643. 85 s. + vedlegg. Ottadalen villreinområde er prega av ein intakt habitatgradient som går frå ytre kystfjell i Møre og Romsdal/Sogn og Fjordane til kontinentale innlandsfjell i Oppland. Frå Lordalen og austover dominerer lavrike fjell i aukande grad mot Slådalstraktene. Området frå Finndalen og vestover mot Aursjøen er variert, medein miks av ulike beitetypar og andre funksjonskvalitetar (høgalpine område med mykje brear). Vest for Lordalen er det store areal med høgalpint landskap. Her er det skrinne beite i eit urlendt og fonnrikt landskap. Utover mot kystfjella er det mykje botnar og dalar med dels frodige grøntbeite. Stadfesta flokkobservasjonar frå ulike delar av området har vore tillagt stor vekt (både data frå Villreinutvalet sine teljingar i området og meir tilfeldige flokkobservasjonar). Dette er gjort for å styrke grunnlaget for visualisering/kartframstilling og forståing av reinen sitt funksjonspotensiale (livsgrunnlag) i området. Sentrale personar i Ottadalen villreinområde har oppsummert sin røynslekunnskap om reinen sin områdebruk over lengre tidsperiodar. Data frå kommunale viltkart og ei rekkje skriftlege arbeid frå tidlegare er også med. Gjennom møte/- samtalar med grunneigarar og lokalkjente er mykje av lokalkunnskapen om villreinen sin arealbruk overført til kart. I tillegg til kvalitative data har ein også opp gjennom åra samla inn data som i større grad er kvantitative. Med det forstår vi at data er kartfesta, og at det fylgjer ein del meir detaljert informasjon som til dømes dato, tal dyr og eventuell kjønns- og alderssamansetjing i flokkane. Slike data har vore samla inn lokalt og i samband med gjennomføring av ulike overvakingsoppgåver. Døme på dette er kalve- eller struktur- og minimumsteljingar som vert gjennomført årleg i ein del av villreinområda. Desse teljingane har vorte ein årviss rutine i dei fleste av dei større villreinområda, og inngår som ein hovuddel av det nasjonale overvakingsprogrammet for villrein. Ottadalen har ikkje vore med i dette programmet, men Villreinutvalet i Ottadalen har likevel fylgt tilnærma same opplegg i sine område. Ei ulempe ved desse datasetta er at det ikkje har vore eit fast/målretta mønster ved innsamlinga av data. Ein har difor i liten grad kontroll på datasetta sin romlege representativitet, slik at fråvær av data i eit område både kan bety at reinen i liten grad har nytta området, eller at ein i mindre grad har lykkast med å få inn data frå området. Høg oppdagbarheit reduserer i prinsippet nokre av dei svakheitene som skuldast manglande stratifisering av datainnsamlinga. Det er difor grunn til å anta at vi har dei beste datasetta i område der reinen stort sett nyttar areal over skoggrensa. Båe delområda i Ottadalen kjem inn under denne kategorien. Totalt har vi hatt tilgang til 1827 stadfesta flokkobservasjonar som er registrert i perioden 1955–2010. Hovudtyngda av innsamla data er frå perioden 1970–2010. Innan denne perioden varierer tal flokkobservasjonar årleg frå svært få til godt over 130 (2008). Frå 1970 og frametter ligg det gjennomsnittlege observasjonstalet/år på rundt 50. Eit stort mangfald av ulike typar fangstsystem særpregar fangstkulturen i Ottadalen. Det er alt frå større og mindre rusefangstanlegg til eit stort tal av bågåstøer og steinmura fangstgroper. Eit stort tal skræmepinnar og bortskotne piler er også funne. Desse er frå den yngre del av etteristida, frå jarnalderen og til langt inn i middelalderen. Ein stor del av fangstanlegga i Ottadalen er kjende gjennom ulike typar kartlegging, men fyrst og fremst gjennom Øystein Mølmen sitt store kartleggingsarbeid og Per Dagsgard sine omfattande kulturminneregistreringar i Skjåk. Saman med seinare kartleggingsarbeid utgjer dette ein viktig del av Ottadalen si historie. Ein annan viktig del av historia er overgangsperioden frå tamreindrift til villrein

Postprandial Effects of Salmon Fishmeal and Whey on Metabolic Markers in Serum and Gene Expression in Liver Cells

Fish is considered an important part of a healthy diet, in part due to the content of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. However, both lean and fatty fish have beneficial health effects, suggesting that micronutrients and proteins may play a role. In a randomised, controlled, cross-over trial, five healthy male participants consumed 5.2 g of protein from either salmon fishmeal or whey. Blood samples were taken before and 30 and 60 min after intake. The concentration of glucose, lipids, hormones and metabolites, including 28 different amino acids and derivatives, were measured in serum or plasma. Cultured HepG2 cells were incubated with or without serum from the participants, and transcriptomic profiling was performed using RNA sequencing. The ingestion of both salmon fishmeal and whey reduced the glucose and triglyceride levels in serum. Protein intake, independent of the source, increased the concentration of 22 amino acids and derivatives in serum. Fishmeal increased the concentration of arginine, methionine, serine, glycine, cystathionine and 2-aminobutyric acid more than whey did. Incubation with postprandial serum resulted in large transcriptomic alterations in serum-fasted HepG2 cells, with the differential expression of >4500 protein coding genes. However, when comparing cells cultivated in fasting serum to postprandial serum after the ingestion of fishmeal and whey, we did not detect any differentially regulated genes, neither with respect to the protein source nor with respect to the time after the meal. The comparable nutrigenomic effects of fishmeal and whey do not change the relevance of fish by-products as an alternative food source

Plin2 deletion increases cholesteryl ester lipid droplet content and disturbs cholesterol balance in adrenal cortex

Cholesteryl esters (CEs) are the water-insoluble transport and storage form of cholesterol. Steroidogenic cells primarily store CEs in cytoplasmic lipid droplet (LD) organelles, as contrasted to the majority of mammalian cell types that predominantly store triacylglycerol (TAG) in LDs. The LD-binding Plin2 binds to both CE- and TAG-rich LDs, and although Plin2 is known to regulate degradation of TAG-rich LDs, its role for regulation of CE-rich LDs is unclear. To investigate the role of Plin2 in the regulation of CE-rich LDs, we performed histological and molecular characterization of adrenal glands from Plin2+/+ and Plin2−/− mice. Adrenal glands of Plin2−/− mice had significantly enlarged organ size, increased size and numbers of CE-rich LDs in cortical cells, elevated cellular unesterified cholesterol levels, and increased expression of macrophage markers and genes facilitating reverse cholesterol transport. Despite altered LD storage, mobilization of adrenal LDs and secretion of corticosterone induced by adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation or starvation were similar in Plin2+/+ and Plin2−/− mice. Plin2−/− adrenals accumulated ceroid-like structures rich in multilamellar bodies in the adrenal cortex-medulla boundary, which increased with age, particularly in females. Finally, Plin2−/− mice displayed unexpectedly high levels of phosphatidylglycerols, which directly paralleled the accumulation of these ceroid-like structures. Our findings demonstrate an important role of Plin2 for regulation of CE-rich LDs and cellular cholesterol balance in the adrenal cortex

Plin2 deletion increases cholesteryl ester lipid droplet content and disturbs cholesterol balance in adrenal cortex

Cholesteryl esters (CEs) are the water-insoluble transport and storage form of cholesterol. Steroidogenic cells primarily store CEs in cytoplasmic lipid droplet (LD) organelles, as contrasted to the majority of mammalian cell types that predominantly store triacylglycerol (TAG) in LDs. The LD-binding Plin2 binds to both CE- and TAG-rich LDs, and although Plin2 is known to regulate degradation of TAG-rich LDs, its role for regulation of CE-rich LDs is unclear. To investigate the role of Plin2 in the regulation of CE-rich LDs, we performed histological and molecular characterization of adrenal glands from Plin2+/+ and Plin2−/− mice. Adrenal glands of Plin2−/− mice had significantly enlarged organ size, increased size and numbers of CE-rich LDs in cortical cells, elevated cellular unesterified cholesterol levels, and increased expression of macrophage markers and genes facilitating reverse cholesterol transport. Despite altered LD storage, mobilization of adrenal LDs and secretion of corticosterone induced by adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation or starvation were similar in Plin2+/+ and Plin2−/− mice. Plin2−/− adrenals accumulated ceroid-like structures rich in multilamellar bodies in the adrenal cortex-medulla boundary, which increased with age, particularly in females. Finally, Plin2−/− mice displayed unexpectedly high levels of phosphatidylglycerols, which directly paralleled the accumulation of these ceroid-like structures. Our findings demonstrate an important role of Plin2 for regulation of CE-rich LDs and cellular cholesterol balance in the adrenal cortex