541 research outputs found
The Interstellar N/O Abundance Ratio: Evidence for Local Infall?
Sensitive measurements of the interstellar gas-phase oxygen abundance have
revealed a slight oxygen deficiency ( 15%) toward stars within 500 pc of
the Sun as compared to more distant sightlines. Recent observations of
the interstellar gas-phase nitrogen abundance indicate larger variations, but
no trends with distance were reported due to the significant measurement
uncertainties for many sightlines. By considering only the highest quality
( 5 ) N/O abundance measurements, we find an intriguing trend in
the interstellar N/O ratio with distance. Toward the seven stars within
500 pc of the Sun, the weighted mean N/O ratio is 0.217 0.011, while for
the six stars further away the weighted mean value (N/O = 0.142 0.008) is
curiously consistent with the current Solar value (N/O =
0.138). It is difficult to imagine a scenario invoking
environmental (e.g., dust depletion, ionization, etc.) variations alone that
explains this abundance anomaly. Is the enhanced nitrogen abundance localized
to the Solar neighborhood or evidence of a more widespread phenomenon? If it is
localized, then recent infall of low metallicity gas in the Solar neighborhood
may be the best explanation. Otherwise, the N/O variations may be best
explained by large-scale differences in the interstellar mixing processes for
AGB stars and Type II supernovae.Comment: accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letter
Vergleich von Antibeschlagmethoden in der Endoskopie: Was wirklich hilft
Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Endoskopische Verfahren, wie die fiberoptische Intubation, haben sich als Standard in der AnĂ€sthesie etabliert. Obwohl allgemein bekannt ist, dass zur sicheren Anwendung von Endoskopen eine Antibeschlagmethode unerlĂ€sslich ist, fehlen Studien zum Vergleich der Wirksamkeit verschiedener Antibeschlagmethoden. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Wirksamkeit von 7Antibeschlagmethoden im Einsatz mit einem flexiblen und einem starren Endoskop zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden: Die Wirksamkeit von je 2Antibeschlaglösungen und -tĂŒchern, einem induktiven EndoskopvorwĂ€rmer, sowie kontinuierlichem Sauerstofffluss ĂŒber den Arbeitskanal der Optik wurde in einem Atemwegsmodell mithilfe eines flexiblen und eines starren Endoskops getestet sowie verblindet beurteilt. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 300Testbilder aufgezeichnet und analysiert. Sowohl in der Gruppe mit dem flexiblen als auch in der Gruppe mit dem starren Endoskop erzielten je eine Antibeschlaglösung und ein -tuch die besten Ergebnisse. Flexible Endoskopie: Anti-Fog (Versagerquote: 3%), Lina Clear (4%). Starre Endoskopie: Ultrastop (5%), Lina Clear (3,5%). Der EndoskopvorwĂ€rmer mit 2-maliger Anwendung zeigte in beiden Gruppen sehr gute Ergebnisse (6% und 10%). Keinen positiven Effekt gegen das Beschlagen eines Endoskops ergab die Verwendung des Sauerstoffflusses (93,5%). Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studie konnte aufzeigen, dass es Unterschiede in der EffektivitĂ€t von AntibeschlagtĂŒchern und -lösungen gibt. Der klinische Einsatz ist aber auch von weiteren Faktoren wie Endoskoptyp und HĂ€ufigkeit der Verwendung, Kosten- und Hygieneaspekten abhĂ€ngig. Der induktive EndoskopvorwĂ€rmer kann trotz hoher Anschaffungskosten eine Alternative darstellen. Jedoch fehlen bislang klare Sicherheitshinweise zur mehrfachen Anwendung durch den Hersteller. Der kontinuierliche Sauerstofffluss ĂŒber den Arbeitskanal einer flexiblen Optik kann nicht als Antibeschlagmethode empfohlen werde
Single-step electrodeposition of superhydrophobic black NiO thin films
International audienceBlack finished surfaces have extensive applications in many domains, such as optics, solar cells, and aerospace. The single step electrodeposition of superhydrophobic black NiO films from a dimethyl sulfoxide based electrolyte is described in this paper. The physicochemical properties of the obtained film were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and electrochemical tests (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization). A rough surface with a low reflection of light was formed after the deposition process that increased the contact angle of water from about 87Âș (for bare Cu) to 163Âș (in presence of the black coating), which improved the corrosion resistance of the Cu substrate by about 30%. The formed black NiO film revealed a notably high stability and kept its appearance even after corrosion tests
Slow, Steady-State Transport with "Loading" and Bulk Reactions: the Mixed Ionic Conductor LaCuO
We consider slow, steady transport for the normal state of the superconductor
LaCuO in a one-dimensional geometry, with surface fluxes
sufficiently general to permit oxygen to be driven into the sample (``loaded'')
either by electrochemical means or by high oxygen partial pressure. We include
the bulk reaction OO, where neutral atoms () go into ions
() and holes (). For slow, steady transport, the transport equations
simplify because the bulk reaction rate density and the bulk loading rates
then are uniform in space and time. All three fluxes must be
specified at each surface, which for a uniform current density corresponds
to five independent fluxes. These fluxes generate two types of static modes at
each surface and a bulk response with a voltage profile that varies
quadratically in space, characterized by and the total oxygen flux
(neutral plus ion) at each surface. One type of surface mode is associated with
electrical screening; the other type is associated both with diffusion and
drift, and with chemical reaction (the {\it diffusion-reaction mode}). The
diffusion-reaction mode is accompanied by changes in the chemical potentials
, and by reactions and fluxes, but it neither carries current (J=0) nor
loads the system chemically (). Generation of the diffusion-reaction
mode may explain the phenomenon of ``turbulence in the voltage'' often observed
near the electrodes of other mixed ionic electronic conductors (MIECs).Comment: 11 pages, 1 figur
Dynamik von mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften in zeitweise ĂŒberfluteten Böden mit und ohne Zugabe von Biokohle
Böden in Auen werden zeitweise ĂŒberflutet, was eine Ănderung des Redoxpotentials bewirkt. Diese variierenden Umweltbedingungen können Bodenmikroorganismen erheblichen Stress aussetzen, vor allem, wenn diese Schwankungen den physiologischen Toleranzbereich der Organismen ĂŒberschreiten. Mikroorganismen setzen verschiedenste Anpassungs- und Vermeidungsstrategien ein, um in solchen Situationen ĂŒberleben zu können. Hierdurch verĂ€ndert sich die Zusammensetzung der bodenmikrobiellen Gemeinschaft, was wiederum RĂŒckkopplungseffekte auf die biogeochemischen Eigenschaften des Bodens ausĂŒbt. Um Böden und deren Eigenschaften zu verbessern, werden seit einigen Jahren verschiedene Biokohlen eingesetzt. Welche bodenmikrobiellen Prozesse im Boden von der Biokohle auf welche Art beeinflusst werden, ist jedoch weitestgehend ungeklĂ€rt. Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Einfluss verschiedener Biokohlen und wechselnder RedoxverhĂ€ltnisse auf die bodenmikrobielle Gemeinschaft in einem zeitweise ĂŒberfluteten Boden zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden Bodenproben der Wupper mit unterschiedlichen Biokohlen im Laborversuch vermischt und vorinkubiert. Die eingesetzten Biokohlen BC200 und BC500 unterschieden sich in der Pyrolysetemperatur (200°C und 500°C). Die so vorbehandelten Böden wurden anschlieĂend in biogeochemischen Mikrokosmen bei vordefinierten Redoxpotentialen inkubiert. AnschlieĂend wurde die Dynamik der bodenmikrobiellen und der bakteriellen Gemeinschaft (PLFA und DGGE) bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl die Ănderung des Redoxpotentials, als auch die Zugabe von Biokohle die Zusammensetzung der mikrobiellen und bakteriellen Gemeinschaft in Bezug auf Gesamtzahl, aber auch nach taxonomischer Gruppe, verĂ€ndern. Bestimmte mikrobielle Gruppen und Spezies werden gefördert bzw. unterdrĂŒckt. Möglicherweise lassen sich durch die AufklĂ€rung dieser ZusammenhĂ€nge Vorhersagen zu Folgen bei Ăberflutungsereignissen treffen
The interpretive approach to religious education : challenging Thompson's interpretation
In a recent book chapter, Matthew Thompson makes some criticisms of my work, including the interpretive approach to religious education and the research and activity of Warwick Religions and Education Research Unit. Against the background of a discussion of religious education in the public sphere, my response challenges Thompsonâs account, commenting on his own position in relation to dialogical approaches to religious education. The article rehearses my long held view that the ideal form of religious education in fully state funded schools of a liberal democracy should be âsecularâ but not âsecularistâ; there should be no implication of an axiomatic secular humanist interpretation of religions
What is the Total Deuterium Abundance in the Local Galactic Disk?
Analyses of spectra obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer
(FUSE) satellite, together with spectra from the Copernicus and IMAPS
instruments, reveal an unexplained very wide range in the observed
deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios for interstellar gas in the Galactic disk
beyond the Local Bubble. We argue that spatial variations in the depletion of
deuterium onto dust grains can explain these local variations in the observed
gas-phase D/H ratios. We present a variable deuterium depletion model that
naturally explains the constant measured values of D/H inside the Local Bubble,
the wide range of gas-phase D/H ratios observed in the intermediate regime (log
N(H I} = 19.2-20.7), and the low gas-phase D/H ratios observed at larger
hydrogen column densities. We consider empirical tests of the deuterium
depletion hypothesis: (i) correlations of gas-phase D/H ratios with depletions
of the refractory metals iron and silicon, and (ii) correlation with the
molecular hydrogen rotational temperature. Both of these tests are consistent
with deuterium depletion from the gas phase in cold, not recently shocked,
regions of the ISM, and high gas-phase D/H ratios in gas that has been shocked
or otherwise heated recently. We argue that the most representative value for
the total (gas plus dust) D/H ratio within 1 kpc of the Sun is >=23.1 +/- 2.4
(1 sigma) parts per million (ppm). This ratio constrains Galactic chemical
evolution models to have a very small deuterium astration factor, the ratio of
primordial to total (D/H) ratio in the local region of the Galactic disk, which
we estimate to be f_d <= 1.19 +/-0.16 (1 sigma) or <= 1.12 +/- 0.14 (1 sigma)
depending on the adopted light element nuclear reaction rates.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figure
Molecular tracers of PDR-dominated galaxies
Photon-dominated regions (PDRs) are powerful molecular line emitters in
external galaxies. They are expected in galaxies with high rates of massive
star formation due to either starburst (SB) events or starburst coupled with
active galactic nuclei (AGN) events. We have explored the PDR chemistry for a
range of physical conditions representing a variety of galaxy types. Our main
result is a demonstration of the sensitivity of the chemistry to changes in the
physical conditions. We adopt crude estimates of relevant physical parameters
for several galaxy types and use our models to predict suitable molecular
tracers of those conditions. The set of recommended molecular tracers differs
from that which we recommended for use in galaxies with embedded massive stars.
Thus, molecular observations can in principle be used to distinguish between
excitation by starburst and by SB+AGN in distant galaxies. Our recommendations
are intended to be useful in preparing Herschel and ALMA proposals to identify
sources of excitation in galaxies.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, Accepted in Ap
Religion and religious education : comparing and contrasting pupilsâ and teachersâ views in an English school
This publication builds on and develops the English findings of the qualitative study of European teenagersâ perspectives on religion and religious education (Knauth et al. 2008), part of âReligion in Education: A contribution to dialogue or a factor of conflict in transforming societies of European countries?â (REDCo) project. It uses data gathered from 27 pupils, aged 15-16, from a school in a multicultural Northern town in England and compares those findings with data gathered from ten teachers in the humanities faculty of the same school, collected during research for the Warwick REDCo Community of Practice. Comparisons are drawn between the teachersâ and their pupilsâ attitudes and values using the same structure as the European study: personal views and experiences of religion, the social dimension of religion, and religious education in school. The discussion offers an analysis of the similarities and differences in worldviews and beliefs which emerged. These include religious commitment/observance differences between the mainly Muslim-heritage pupils and their mainly non-practising Christian-heritage teachers. The research should inform the ways in which the statutory duties to promote community cohesion and equalities can be implemented in schools. It should also facilitate intercultural and interreligious understanding between teachers and the pupils from different ethnic and religious backgrounds
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