On the Conceptual Insufficiency of Toleration and the Quest for a Superseding Concept

The concept of toleration occupies an important position in contemporary societal debates. I will analyse the concept by considering the apparent inconsistency between what I regard as the genuine meaning of the concept of toleration and the prevalent common perception of toleration. One essential factor in the concept of toleration is the negative evaluation of the subject matter. However, this decisive feature appears to have become obsolete in the prevalent common perception of toleration. I will examine the normative implications of the imprecise usage of ´toleration´/´tolerance´ caused by the vague perception of the concept. Furthermore, I argue there to be a significant, yet underemphasised linguistic power inherent to ´toleration´/´tolerance´, which is influential in how it perpetuates negative attitudes towards various minorities and maintains thereby unjust societal relations. Since ´toleration´/´tolerance´ appears insufficient to address the changed social reality in which attitudes towards minorities have remarkably progressed, I will adopt the approach of conceptual engineering to outline a concept capable of replacing ´toleration´/´tolerance´. I suggest that a new concept to supersede toleration should carry the ethos of respect, yet have the conceptual scope and precision of tolerance/toleration, to be intuitively appealing to replace it. I propose to replace ´toleration´ with ´respectation´ and ´tolerance´ with ´respectance´

Discontinuous shear modulus determines the glass transition temperature

A solid - amorphous or crystalline - is defined by a finite shear modulus while a fluid lacks such. We thus experimentally investigate the elastic properties of a colloidal glass former near the glass transition: spectroscopy of vibrational excitations yields the dispersion relations of longitudinal and transverse phonons in the glassy state. From the long wavelength limit of the dispersion relation we extract the bulk and the shear modulus. As expected, the latter disappear in a fluid and we measure a clearly resolved discontinuous behaviour of the elastic moduli at the glass transition. This not only determines the transition temperature T_G of the system but also directly addresses recent discussions about elasticity during vitrification. We show that low frequency excitations in our system are plane waves such that continuum elasticity theory can be used to describe the macroscopic behaviour.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure

Structural and dynamical features of multiple metastable glassy states in a colloidal system with competing interactions

Systems in which a short-ranged attraction and long-ranged repulsion compete are intrinsically frustrated, leading their structure and dynamics to be dominated either by mesoscopic order or by metastable disorder. Here we report the latter case in a colloidal system with long-ranged electrostatic repulsions and short-ranged depletion attractions. We find a variety of states exhibiting slow non-diffusive dynamics: a gel, a glassy state of clusters, and a state reminiscent of a Wigner glass. Varying the interactions, we find a continuous crossover between the Wigner and cluster glassy states, and a sharp discontinuous transition between the Wigner glassy state and gel. This difference reflects the fact that dynamic arrest is driven by repulsion for the two glassy states and attraction in the case of the gel

Mortalidade Feminina – Perfil de Óbitos na Idade Fértil Não Associados à Maternidade

Background and Objectives: The mortality profile is an important health indicator and its analysis allows researchers to identify inequalities and trends that require specific actions and studies. This study sought to identify the mortality profile in women of childbearing age in the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul, in the period between 2013 and 2017. Methods: This is an epidemiological study, with a quantitative approach, following an exploratory descriptive and documentary research method. The data were obtained from the analysis of the Death Declaration records in the Mortality Information System of the municipality. Results: The mortality profile in women of childbearing age was white skin color, age between 40 and 49 years, with 8 to 11 years of schooling, who worked and lived in urban areas. Neoplasms were the main cause of death, especially in bronchi and lungs. Conclusion: The data show the importance of investing in women’s health and cancer prevention, especially in the bronchi and lungs.Justificativa e Objetivos: A avaliação do perfil de mortalidade é um importante indicador de saúde, sua análise permite identificar situações de desigualdade e tendências que demandam ações e estudos específicos. Sendo assim, esse estudo tem objetivo identificar o perfil de mortalidade em mulheres na idade fértil (MIF) no município de Santa Cruz do Sul, no período entre 2013 a 2017. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, abordagem quantitativa de caráter descritivo exploratório do tipo documental. Os dados foram produzidos por meio da análise de Declarações de Óbito no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do município. Resultados: O perfil da mortalidade das MIF é de mulheres de raça branca, com idade entre 40 e 49 anos, tendo de 8 a 11 anos de estudo, que desempenhavam algum tipo de atividade laboral e residiam em área urbana. A principal causa de mortalidade foi a neoplasia, com destaque para a de brônquios de pulmões. Conclusão: Os dados mostram a importância de investir na promoção da saúde das mulheres e na prevenção do câncer, principalmente o de brônquios e pulmões

Mermin-Wagner fluctuations in 2D amorphous solids

In a recent comment, M. Kosterlitz described how the discrepancy about the lack of broken translational symmetry in two dimensions - doubting the existence of 2D crystals - and the first computer simulations foretelling 2D crystals at least in tiny systems, motivated him and D. Thouless to investigate melting and suprafluidity in two dimensions [Jour. of Phys. Cond. Matt. \textbf{28}, 481001 (2016)]. The lack of broken symmetries proposed by D. Mermin and H. Wagner is caused by long wavelength density fluctuations. Those fluctuations do not only have structural impact but additionally a dynamical one: They cause the Lindemann criterion to fail in 2D and the mean squared displacement not to be limited. Comparing experimental data from 3D and 2D amorphous solids with 2D crystals we disentangle Mermin-Wagner fluctuations from glassy structural relaxations. Furthermore we can demonstrate with computer simulations the logarithmic increase of displacements predicted by Mermin and Wagner: periodicity is not a requirement for Mermin-Wagner fluctuations which conserve the homogeneity of space on long scales.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Analysis of induced gamma activation by D-T neutrons in selected fusion reactor relevant materials with EAF-2010

Samples of lanthanum, erbium and titanium which are constituents of structural materials, insulating coatings and tritium breeder for blankets of fusion reactor designs have been irradiated in a fusion peak neutron field. The induced gamma activities were measured and the results were used to check calculations with the European activation system EASY-2010. Good agreement for the prediction of major contributors to the contact dose rate of the materials was found, but for minor contributors the calculation deviated up to 50%