Etude de la biodiversité des Sargassaceae (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) en milieux tempéré et tropical : écologie, chimiotaxonomie et source de composés bioactifs

Four Sargassaceae genus presenting high biomass in Brittany and\or in the South Pacific were chosen as models of this study. The aims of this works were i) to understand the chemical ecology of Sargassaceae in temperate and tropical environment, ii) to characterize specific chemomarkers from certain species and iii) to identify potential bioactive molecules. Then, a pluridisciplinary work was carry out with the study of the chemical ecology of Sargassaceae, in Brittany on one hand, with the study of the spatio-temporal variations of certain defense compounds of Sargassum muticum, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Cystoseira baccata associated with an ecological survey of these species and in the South Pacific on the other hand, with the study of these same defense compounds within Turbinaria sp. and Sargassum sp from various sites. At the same time, two chemotaxonomical studies were led. On the Turbinaria genera to identify one or several chemomarker(s) allowing discriminating T. ornata and T. conoides. And on the other hand, on B. bifurcata to understand the geographical distribution of the existing chemical types within this species. Then, to answer the third objective of this work, three biological activities were looked for first and foremost within the studied species: cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity and neurotoxicity. The results allowed i) to highlight the impact of the environmental conditions on the biological and ecological variables studied to these species in temperate and tropical environments; ii) to identify the acid turbinaric as a chemomarker of T. conoides and to highlight the existence of ecotypes from B. bifurcata ; iii) to report the anti-phospholipase A2 activity of fatty acids stemming from tropical seaweeds and the antiradical and antioxidant activities of eleganolone isolated from B. bifurcata .Quatre genres de Sargassaceae présentant de forte biomasse en Bretagne et/ou dans le Pacifique Sud ont été choisi comme modèles de cette étude. Les objectifs étant i) de mieux comprendre l'écologie chimique des Sargassaceae en milieu tempéré et en milieu tropical, ii) de rechercher des chimiomarqueurs spécifiques à certaines espèces et iii) de rechercher de molécules potentiellement bioactives. Ainsi, un travail pluridisciplinaire a été entrepris avec l'étude de l'écologie chimique des Sargassaceae, en Bretagne d'une part, via l'étude des variations spatio-temporelles de certains composés de défenses synthétisés par Sargassum muticum, Bifurcaria bifurcata et Cystoseira baccata associé à un suivi écologique de ces espèces et dans le Pacifique Sud d'autre part, via l'étude de ces mêmes composés de défenses au sein de Turbinaria sp. et Sargassum sp provenant de différents sites. Parallèlement, deux études de chimiotaxonomie ont été menées. D'une part sur le genre Turbinaria afin d'identifier un ou des chimiomarqueur(s) permettant de discriminer T. ornata et de T. conoides. Et d'autre part sur B. bifurcata afin de mieux comprendre la répartition géographique des types chimiques existants au sein de cette espèce. Puis, pour répondre au troisième objectif de cette thèse, trois activités biologiques ont été recherchées en priorité au sein des espèces étudiées: la cytotoxicité, l'activité anti-inflammatoire et la neurotoxicité. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis i) de mettre en évidence l'impact des conditions environnementales sur les variables biologiques et écologiques étudiées chez ces espèces en milieu tempéré comme en milieu tropical ; ii) d'identifier l'acide turbinarique comme étant un chimiomarqueur de l'espèce T. conoides et de mettre en évidence l'existence d'écotypes chez B. bifurcata ; iii) de rapporter l'activité anti-phospholipase A2 d'acides gras issus d'algues du Pacifique Sud et l'activité antiradicalaire et antioxydante de l'éléganolone isolée chez B. bifurcata

Study of the biodiversity of Sargassaceae (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) in temperate and tropical climat (ecology, chemotaxonomy and source of bioactive compounds)

Quatre genres de Sargassaceac présentant de forte biomasse en Bretagne et/ou dans le Pacifique Sud ont été choisi comme modèles de cette étude. Les objectifs étant i) de mieux comprendre l écologie chimique des Sargassaceae en milieu tempéré et en milieu tropical, ii) de rechercher des chimiomarqueurs spécifiques à certaines espèces et iii) de rechercher de molécules potentiellement bioactives. Ainsi, un travail pluridisciplinaire a été entrepris avec l étude de l écologie chimique des Sargassaceae, en Bretagne d une part, via l étude des variations spatio-temporelles de certains composés de défenses synthétisés par Sargassum muticum, Bjfurcaria bifurcata et Cystoseira baccata associé à un suivi écologique de ces espèces et dans le Pacifique Sud d autre part, via l étude de ces mêmes composés de défenses au sein de Turbinaria sp. et Sargassum sp provenant de différents sites. Parallèlement, deux études de chimiotaxonomie ont été menées. D une part sur le genre Turbinaria afin d identifier un ou des chimiomarqueur(s) permettant de discriminer T. ornata et de T. conoides. Et d autre part sur B. bifurcata afin de mieux comprendre la répartition géographique des types chimiques existants au sein de cette espèce. Puis, pour répondre au troisième objectif de cette thèse, trois activités biologiques ont été recherchées en priorité au sein des espèces étudiées: la cytotoxicité, l activité anti-inflammatoire et la neurotoxicité. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis i) de mettre en évidence l impact des conditions environnementales sur les variables biologiques et écologiques étudiées chez ces espèces en milieu tempéré comme en milieu tropical; ii) d identifier l acide turbinarique comme étant un chimiomarqueur de l espèce T. conoides et de mettre en évidence l existence d éeotypes chez B. bifurcata; iii) de rapporter l activité anti-phospholipase A2 d acides gras issus d algues du Pacifique Sud et l activité antiradicalaire et antioxydante de l éléganolone isolée chez B. bifurcata.Four Sargassaceae genus presenting high biomass in Brittany and/or in the South Pacificwere chosen as models of this study. The aims of this works were i) to understand the chemical ecology of Sargassaceae in temperate and tropical environment, ii) to characterize specific chemomarkers from certain species and iii) to identify potential bioactive molecules. Then, a pluridisciplinary work was carry out with the study of the chemical ecology of Sargassaceae, in Brittany on one hand, with the study of the spatio-temporal variations of certain defense compounds of Sargassum muticum, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Cystoseira baccata associated with an ecological survey of these species and in the South Pacific on the other hand, with the study of these same defense compounds within Turbinaria sp. and Sargassun sp from various sites. At the same time, two chemotaxonomical studies were led. On the Turbinaria genera to identify one or several chemomarker(s) allowing discriminating T. ornata and T. conoides. And on the other hand, on B. bifurcata to understand the geographical distribution of the existing chemical types within this species. Then, to answer the third objective of this work, three biological activities were looked for first and foremost within the studied species: cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity and neurotoxicity. The results allowed i) to highlight the impact of the environmental conditions on the biological and ecological variables studied to these species in temperate and tropical enviromnents; ii) to identify the acid turbinaric as a chemomarker of T. conoides and to highlight the existence of ecotypes from B. bifurcata; iii) to report the anti-phospholipase A2 activity of fatty acids stemming from tropical seaweeds and the antiradical and antioxidant activities of eleganolone isolated from B. bifurcata.BREST-BU Droit-Sciences-Sports (290192103) / SudocPLOUZANE-Bibl.La Pérouse (290195209) / SudocSudocFranceF

Phenology, TPC and size-fractioning phenolics variability in temperate Sargassaceae (Phaeophyceae, Fucales) from Western Brittany: Native versus introduced species

International audienceThe phenology of the introduced Sargassum muticum and two native species Bifurcaria bifurcata and Cystoseira baccata were monitored during eighteen months at two sites in Brittany. Density and length varied seasonally only in Sargassum. Larger individuals of Sargassum were observed in summer whereas in Cystoseira, they appeared almost in autumn. Peaks in maturity were delayed: in summer for Sargassum and in winter for Cystoseira and Bifurcaria. Phenolic contents increased before their respective reproductive period as a chemical defence. Moreover, size composition varied with site and season depending on species. In Sargassum, the quantity of small compounds decreased in summer together with an increase of 2000/5000 Da compounds. In Bifurcaria 2000/5000 Da compounds increased in summer (photoprotection) while in Cystoseira it increased in winter (protection for reproduction). Sargassum presented then a phenological plasticity not observed in native species. Moreover the three species possessed different chemical strategies to succeed in partitioning their vital space

Spatiotemporal variations of diterpene production in the brown macroalga Bifurcaria bifurcata from the western coasts of Brittany (France)

International audienceBifurcaria bifurcata, a temperate brown macroalga, is known to show spatial fluctuations in its diterpene content along the northwestern coasts of France (Brittany). In the aim to identify environmental factors which could influence the occurrence of a particular chemical type, several populations of B. bifurcata were collected in summer 2009 and winter 2010. Their chemical composition was studied through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Results showed that specific diterpenes are biosynthesized depending on seasons and abiotic factors, such as hydrodynamism or substratum. Exposed sites were characterized by thalli of B. bifurcata producing two main diterpenoids, bifurcane, and eleganediol, whereas thalli from sheltered sites showed crude extracts containing a major diterpene, eleganolone. On these last sites, another diterpene (bifurcanone) is only expressed in winter and was thus considered as a seasonal chemomarker. The term "chemotype" applied to a population is proposed and discussed

Spatial and seasonal variation in density, reproductive status, length and phenolic content of the invasive brown macroalga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt along the coast of Western Brittany (France)

International audienceThe introduced macroalga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt is currently observed along the coasts of Brittany. From February 2003 till June 2004, variations in density, reproductive status, length and phenolic content were assessed at three sites. Seasonal variability of the density was pronounced at two exposed sites (Fort Bloqué and Pointe du Diable), but absent at the sheltered site (Callot), where the macroalga was observed year-round. Thalli were generally longer in Summer (up to 73.2 ± 2.7 cm at Fort Bloqué), and had reproductive receptacles from May to September at Pointe du Diable, though only from June to September in the other stations (Callot and Fort Bloqué). Phenolic content was maximal during the reproductive period, which could be interpreted as chemical protection of the receptacles. Finally the collected data were used to explain the persistence of S. muticum and its proliferation in Brittany

ISOLATION OF TURBINARIC ACID AS A CHEMOMARKER OF TURBINARIA CONOIDES (J. AGARDH) KUTZING FROM SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS

International audienceSeveral species of the genus Turbinaria coexist along the coasts of islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Among these brown algae, Turbinaria ornata and T. conoides are sister species that are difficult to differentiate using exclusively morphological characters. Based on in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance and chromatographic techniques, i.e., liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, combined with phylogenetic data, we successfully identified turbinaric acid in T. conoides samples from several Indian and Pacific Ocean islands. This nonvariable discriminant molecule was only identified in T. conoides specimens, but not in the two allied species T. ornata and T. decurrens. Results are discussed with regard to turbinaric acid as an interesting chemomarker isolated from T. conoides and the rapid discrimination of Turbinaria specimens using chemical assays

Seasonal phenology and metabolomics of the introduced red macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla, monitored in the Bay of Brest (France)

International audienceSeaweeds represent one of the largest groups of marine aliens in Europe and constitute a large percentage of all introduced marine species. In Brittany, the red macroalga Gracilaria vermiculophylla has invaded the bare areas of brackish waters in saltmarshes. In the Bay of Brest, the alga forms dense monospecific mats on the mud surface and occupies an empty ecological niche, in association with the invasive halophyte, Spartina alterniflora. The phenology of G. vermiculophylla was studied through seasonal monitoring of biomass, density and size of fragments, complemented by metabolomic monitoring using 1H HR-MAS NMR chemical footprinting analyses. Moreover, lipids and pigments were quantified, using high-performance thin layer chromatography for the former and high-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry for the latter. This rhodophyte is present throughout the year, never fixed to a substrate on the mud, with a maximum biomass in the summertime. Phenological observations on algal populations demonstrated a high capacity for fragmentation, with a majority of fragments shorter than 3 cm. Metabolomic analyses highlighted a temporal variability of lipids, pigments and osmolytes between seasons. These results, combined with ecological data, improve our understanding of the acclimation of G. vermiculophylla in Brittany, where it is mainly present in a vegetative state throughout the year. Our study represents an important contribution to understanding the ecological strategies used by this invasive seaweed to colonize and persist in the Bay of Brest

Structural elucidation, in vitro antioxidant and photoprotective capacities of a purified polyphenolic-enriched fraction from a saltmarsh plant

In temperate saltmarshes, halophytic plants have to daily protect their internal tissues against sunlight and UV rays. Consequently, they develop adaptive responses such as the synthesis of secondary metabolites, including polyphenols. The present study focused on the biological activities of fractions enriched in polyphenols from Salicornia ramosissima. Three different extracts were obtained by purification processes to concentrate polyphenols: a crude hydroalcoholic extract, and two purified fractions: an ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and an aqueous fraction. Phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant (DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing activity, beta-carotene linoleic acid system and the ORAC method) and sunscreen properties (Sun Protection Factor and UVA-Protection Factor) were assessed by in vitro tests. The purification process was effective in increasing phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant and sunscreen capacities of the EAF. The EAF appeared to be a broad spectrum UV absorber. The chemical structure of 10 EAF polyphenols was elucidated using 2D NMR and mass spectrometry spectra. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between phenolic composition and biological activity. These findings are encouraging for the future use of S. ramosissima as a potential source of antioxidant and photoprotectant molecules for industrial applications

Sunscreen, antioxidant, and bactericide capacities of phlorotannins from the brown macroalga Halidrys siliquosa

00000 ăWOS:000390090300038International audienceThe present study focused on a brown macroalga (Halidrys siliquosa), with a particular emphasis on polyphenols and their associated biological activities. Two fractions were obtained by liquid/liquid purification from a crude hydroethanolic extract: (i) an ethyl acetate fraction and (ii) an aqueous fraction. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of extract and both fractions were assessed by in vitro tests (Folin-Ciocalteu test, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, superoxide anion scavenging assay, and beta-carotene-linoleic acid system). For the most active fraction, i.e., the ethyl acetate fraction, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value, antibacterial activities, and sunscreen potential (Sun Protection Factor and UV-A-Protection Factor) were tested in vitro. A high correlation found between antioxidant activities and total phenolic content was interpreted as the involvement of polyphenolic compounds in antioxidant mechanisms. Interestingly, the ethyl acetate fraction appeared to be a broad-spectrum UV absorber and showed a strong bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. In this fraction, four phenolic compounds (trifuhalols and tetrafuhalols and, for the first time, diphlorethols and triphlorethols) were identified using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MS analysis. These findings are promising for the use of H. siliquosa, abundant in Brittany, as a valuable source of photoprotectant molecules for sunscreen and cosmetic applications

Atividades antioxidantes, mineralogênicas e osteogênicas de Spartina alterniflora e Salicornia fragilis extratos ricos em Polifenóis

Osteoporosis is an aging-related disease and a worldwide health issue. Current therapeutics have failed to reduce the prevalence of osteoporosis in the human population, thus the discovery of compounds with bone anabolic properties that could be the basis of next generation drugs is a priority. Marine plants contain a wide range of bioactive compounds and the presence of osteoactive phytochemicals was investigated in two halophytes collected in Brittany (France): the invasive Spartina alterniflora and the native Salicornia fragilis. Two semi-purified fractions, prepared through liquid-liquid extraction, were assessed for phenolic and flavonoid contents, and for the presence of antioxidant, mineralogenic and osteogenic bioactivities. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) wasrich in phenolic compounds and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. While S. fragilis EAF only triggered a weak proliferative effect in vitro, S. alterniflora EAF potently induced extracellular matrix mineralization (7-fold at 250µg/mL). A strong osteogenic effect was also observed in vivo using zebrafish operculum assay (2.5-fold at 10µg/mL in 9-dpf larvae). Results indicate that polyphenol rich EAF of S. alterniflora has both antioxidant and bone anabolic activities. As an invasive species, this marine plant may represent a sustainable source of molecules for therapeutic applications in bone disorders.European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Atlantic Area Program 2011-1/164/MARMED EAPA_151/2016/BLUEHUMAN; European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF/FEAMP) through the National Operational Programme MAR2020 MAR-02.01.01-FEAMP-0057/OSTEOMAR; European Era-Net through the Seas-Era program ANR-12-SEAS-0002-01/INVASIVES.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio