Two decades of forest-related legislation changes in European countries analysed from a property rights perspective

In the last two decades, attention on forests and ownership rights has increased in different domains of international policy, particularly in relation to achieving the global sustainable development goals. This paper looks at the changes in forest-specific legislation applicable to regular productive forests, across 28 European countries. We compare the legal framework applicable in the mid-1990s with that applicable in 2015, using the Property Rights Index in Forestry (PRIF) to measure changes across time and space. The paper shows that forest owners in most western European countries already had high decision-making power in the mid-1990s, following deregulation trends from the 1980s; and for the next two decades, distribution of rights remained largely stable. For these countries, the content and direction of changes indicate that the main pressure on forest-focused legislation comes from environmental discourses (e.g. biodiversity and climate change policies). In contrast, former socialist countries in the mid-1990s gave lower decision-making powers to forest owners than in any of the Western Europe countries; over the next 20 years these show remarkable changes in management, exclusion and withdrawal rights. As a result of these changes, there is no longer a clear line between western and former socialist countries with respect to the national governance systems used to address private forest ownership. Nevertheless, with the exception of Baltic countries which have moved towards the western forest governance system, most of the former socialist countries still maintain a state-centred approach in private forest management. Overall, most of the changes we identified in the last two decades across Europe were recorded in the categories of management rights and exclusion rights. These changes reflect the general trend in European forest policies to expand and reinforce the landowners' individual rights, while preserving minimal rights for other categories of forest users; and to promote the use of financial instruments when targeting policy goals related to the environmental discourse

3/4/25, conseil des ministres, [M. Anatole] de Monzie [quittant l'Elysée] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 99651Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20RolImage de press

Scientific Reports / Facial Aesthetics in Young Adults after Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment over Five Decades

Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP) - a common facial malformation in newborns is typically corrected by surgical intervention to allow for normal speech development, psychosocial adjustment, and facial attractiveness. The long term treatment outcome can be evaluated after a number of years, possibly in adulthood. We investigated the aesthetics of the nasolabial region by subjective ratings. To compare various surgical approaches we recruited 12 raters to evaluate 429 patients. Expert and lay raters judged photographs from patients, who have completed treatment with one of three different surgical strategies performed in our institution over 50 years. Facial photographs were cropped, presented to the raters in a randomized sequence, and judged by the raters on a 5 point Likert scale. The subjective ratings between the raters revealed a fair to substantial inter-rater reliability. The average ratings of the surgical outcome improved continuously over the investigated 5 decades. Despite possible differences between raters and rater groups this overall result was consistently seen in the gender groups (male/female), or expertise related groups (expert/lay). Our analysis revealed that patients with bilateral CLP scored worse than patients with unilateral CLP when treated in the fifties; more recently treated patients of both groups scored similarly.(VLID)463726

Perception of aesthetics and personality traits in orthognathic surgery patients: A comparison of still and moving images

<div><p>It is common in practicing orthognathic surgery to evaluate faces with retruded or protruded chins (dysgnathic faces) using photographs. Because motion may alter how the face is perceived, we investigated the perception of faces presented via photographs and videos. Two hundred naïve raters (lay persons, without maxillo facial surgery background) evaluated 12 subjects with varying chin anatomy [so-called skeletal Class I (normal chin), Class II (retruded chin), and Class III (protruded chin)]. Starting from eight traits, with Factor analysis we found a two-Factor solution, i.e. an "aesthetics associated traits cluster" and a Factor "personality traits cluster" which appeared to be uncorrelated. Internal consistency of the Factors found for photographs and videos was excellent. Generally, female raters delivered better ratings than males, but the effect sizes were small. We analyzed differences and the respective effect magnitude between photograph and video perception. For each skeletal class the aesthetics associated dimensions were rated similarly between photographs and video clips. In contrast, specific personality traits were rated differently. Differences in the class-specific personality traits seen on photographs were "smoothed" in the assessment of videos, which implies that photos enhance stereotypes commonly attributed to a retruded or protruded chin.</p></div

Gender-related differences.

<p>Ratings for photographs and video clips, for Factor I (aesthetics) and Factor II (personality).</p

Standardized stimuli presentation of photographs.

<p>The still faces were presented to the raters from both sides and from the front simultaneously. The rotation during the video presentation was as indicated by the arrow: starting from the left profile, and slowly turned over to the right.</p

Results of GLM for repeated measures for Factor I (Aesthetics associated traits) and for Factor II (Personality).

<p>Note that for the Aesthetics Traits Cluster Factor (A) there is almost no difference between photo and video in any class. Within the Personality Traits Cluster Factor (B) the photo ratings received higher scores in Class II and lower scores in Class III, which implies that photos enhance stereotypes commonly attributed to a retruded (Class II) or protruded (Class III) chin.</p

Seven-point Likert scale for subjective rating.

<p>Each of the eight items (trait pairs) was rated along the scale.</p

Stimuli, model persons with Class I (norm), Class II (retruded chin), and Class III (protruded chin).

<p>The persons wore no make-up, the hair was covered by a surgeons cap, to minimize distractions from the face anatomy.</p

Seven point likert scale, and 12 items in sequence of presentation to the raters.

<p>Seven point likert scale, and 12 items in sequence of presentation to the raters.</p