15 research outputs found
Primäre Kopfschmerzen bei Patienten mit juveniler myoklonischer Epilepsie
- Author
- Publication venue
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- Publication date
- 22/11/2012
- Field of study
In der vorliegenden klinischen Arbeit wurden die Prävalenzen sowie Risikofaktoren für die primären Kopfschmerzen Migräne und Spannungskopfschmerz bei 75 Patienten mit juveniler myoklonischer Epilepsie (JME) untersucht.
Die Klassifizierung der Kopfschmerzen erfolgte anhand eines validierten Fragebogens. Die Kopfschmerzprävalenzen wurden mit den Prävalenzen in der Normalbevölkerung aus der Literatur verglichen.
Bei 47 der 75 Patienten mit JME fanden sich interiktal rezidivierende Kopfschmerzen. 31 Patienten hatten Migräne. Das relative Risiko (RR) im Vergleich zur Normalbevölkerung betrug 4.4. Zwanzig Patienten hatten Migräne ohne Aura (RR 3.6) und 11 Migräne mit Aura (RR 7.3). Bei 14 Patienten mit Migräne fanden sich zusätzlich auch Spannungskopfschmerzen. 16 Patienten litten ausschließlich unter Spannungskopfschmerzen. Das relative Risiko für Spannungskopfschmerzen betrug 3.4.
Risikofaktor für Migräne im Allgemeinen und Migräne ohne Aura war weibliches Geschlecht; für Migräne mit Aura eine Migräne bei Verwandten ersten Grades. Für Migräne und Migräne mit Aura fand sich eine Assoziation mit mehr als einem generalisierten tonisch-klonischen Anfall pro Monat. Migräne ohne Aura hingegen war mit häufigen Absencen assoziiert. Die Auswertung der EEGs ergab keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen JME-Patienten mit Kopfschmerzen und den Patienten ohne Kopfschmerzen. Limitierender Faktor bei der Interpretationen der vorliegenden Ergebnisse stellt die geringe Patientenzahl von 75 JME-Patienten bei einer Rücklaufquote von 61% dar.
Wesentliches Ergebnis unserer Studie ist die signifikant erhöhte Kopfschmerzprävalenz bei Patienten mit JME. V. a. die Prävalenz der Migräne ist im Vergleich zur Normalbevölkerung deutlich erhöht. Die Ergebnisse lassen einen gemeinsamen – bisher nicht näher bekannten – pathophysiologischen und genetischen Mechanismus der JME und Migräne vermuten
Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial
- Author
- Abbas Jalal
- Abraham Sybil
- Ackert Jessica
- Adams Patricia
- Aggarwala Gaurav
- Aher Nutan
- Ahlqvist Jørn
- Ahn Chul Woo
- Akers Teresa
- Akhras Ronald
- Akhter Faiq
- Aksentyev Sergey
- Al Kawas Firas
- Alexander Karen
- Althouse Denise
- Altobelli Desma
- Alvarisqueta Andres
- Ambrosy Andrew
- Andersen James
- Andersen Ulla
- Anderson Michelle
- Anglade Moise
- Arbañil Hugo
- Arciszewska Malgorzata
- Argoud Georges
- Ariani Mehrdad
- Ashdji Reswan
- Avogaro Angelo
- Avramidis Iakovos
- Axthelm Christoph
- Aye Myint
- Babi Charleen
- Bachus Erasmus
- Baik Sei-Hyun
- Bailey Matt
- Bakhtari Ladan
- Baksi Arun
- Balasubramani Mathangi
- Baldovino Jorge
- Banach Marek
- Banerjee Subhash
- Bartlett Andrew
- Bartone Susan
- Baum Howard
- Bays Harold
- Bazhan Larysa
- Beasley Richard
- Beaudry Yves
- Beaulieu Gail
- Beboso Ronnie
- Bedard Jacques
- Beijerbacht Hugo Peter
- Belfort de Aguiar Renata
- Benjamin Sabrina
- Berger Dirk
- Berlingieri Joseph
- Berndtsson Blom Katarina
- Besada Diego
- Bethel M Angelyn
- Bhagwat Ravi
- Bhargava Anuj
- Bhosale Archana
- Bieler Tasso
- Bijata-Bronisz Renata
- Birkeland Kare
- Birkenfeld Andreas
- Blagden Mark
- Bloomfield Gerald
- Bode Bruce
- Boemi Massimo
- Bonadonna Riccardo
- Bondar Irina
- Bott Jochen
- Bousboulas Stavros
- Boye Alain
- Bratcher Christina
- Breneman Jody
- Briskin Toby
- Bristianou Magdalini
- Brockmyre Andrew
- Broughton Raymond
- Brown Judith
- Brown Kim
- Brychta Tomas
- Brønnum-Schou Jens
- Budhraja Madhusudan
- Bull Georgina
- Bundy Charles
- Burgess Lesley
- Busch Klaus
- Caca Karel
- Cadinot Didier
- Calderon Jorge
- Calella Pedro
- Califf Robert M
- Calvo Gómez Carlos
- Camacho Luis
- Cannon Kevin
- Cano Rodríguez Isidoro
- Cantero Maria Cecilia
- Carr Jewell
- Casson Ed
- Castaño Patricia
- Castro Conde Almudena
- Cathcart Harold
- Cavale Arvind
- Cech Vladimir
- Cequier Fillat Angel
- Cervantes-Escárcega Jose-Luis
- Cha Bong-Soo
- Chau Tuan
- Chaykin Louis
- Chehayeb Raja
- Chen David
- Chen Jung-Fu
- Chertkoff Alejandro
- Cheung Deanna
- Cheung Stephen
- Chevts Julia
- Chiang Chern-En
- Childress Richard
- Christian Tamra
- Chung Choon-Hee
- Coetzee Kathleen
- Cohen Allan
- Coker Rebecca
- Cole Joanna
- Collier Jeannie
- Condit Jonathan
- Consoli Agostino
- Conway James
- Cooksey Erin
- Cookson Tobias
- Cooper John
- Cooper Lauren
- Copland Allan
- Cornel Jan
- Cornett George Mitchell
- Crenier Laurent
- Cuadrado Jesus
- Cuatrecasas Cambra Guillem
- Cusson Jean
- D'Agostino Ralph B
- D'Agostino Ralph B.
- Daga Shruti
- Damyanova Velichka
- Dauber Ira
- Davila William
- Dawood Saleem
- De Armas Luis
- De Cosmo Salvatore
- De Loredo Luis
- De Teresa Parreño Luis
- de Álvaro Moreno Fernando
- Dean Julius
- Debroye Corinne
- Del Prato Stefano
- Del Prato Stefano
- Delgado Lista Javier
- Della Siega Anthony
- DeMets David
- Demidova Irina
- Derezinski Tadeusz
- Deshpande Sameer
- Detweiler Robert
- Devore Adam
- Di Bartolo Paolo
- Di Giovanna Michael
- Diaz Ernesto
- Dimitriadis Georgios
- Dimitrov Stefan
- Distiller Larry
- Dombrowski Keith
- Dominguez Andrea
- Domínguez Escribano José Ramón
- Donaldson Jill
- Donaubauer Torsten
- Dor Isaac
- Dotta Francesco
- Dreval Alexander
- Drummond Waymon
- Dumas Richard
- Dumbre Snehal
- Dungan Kathleen
- Durán García Santiago
- Duyck Francis
- Dvorakova Eva
- Dzongowski Peter
- Eagerton Donald
- Eapen Zubin
- Earl John
- Eaton Charles
- Ebo Geraldine
- Edelsberger Tomas
- Eliasson Bjorn
- Eliasson Ken
- Elisaf Moses
- Ellison Howard
- Elvira González Javier
- Emslie-Smith Alistair
- Endsley Patricia
- Enns Robert
- Erlinger Rudolf
- Ershova Olga
- Español Maria Vanesa
- Espinoza Augusto Dextre
- Farris Neil
- Ferguson Murdo
- Fernandez-Salazar Eva
- Fernández Rodríguez José María
- Fiel Thomas
- Finkelstein Hernan
- Firek Anthony
- First Brian
- Fleming John
- Flota-Cervera Luis Fernando
- Forgosh Les
- Frechtel Gustavo
- French William
- Fretes Jose
- Friedman Daniel
- Frontoni Simona
- Funke Klaus
- Fushtey Ivan
- Gadzinski Waldemar
- Gajek Jacek
- Galatius Søren
- Galetta Marianna
- Galstyan Gagik
- Gambineri Alessandra
- Gandy Winston
- Garcia Ronald
- Garganeeva Alla
- Garrido Santos Natalia
- Garrido Elizabeth
- Garvey Louisa
- Gaudet Daniel
- Gazzaruso Carmine
- Gentry Tracy
- Giaccari Andrea
- Gill Santosh
- Giorgino Francesco
- Goday Arno Alberto
- Godse Rupali
- Gomez Huelgas Ricardo
- Gonzales Rolando Vargas
- Gonzalez Joaquin
- González Juanatey José Ramón
- González-González José Gerardo
- Goodman Shaun
- Gordon Murray
- Gouet Didier
- Grachova Mariya
- Granger Christopher B
- Granger Christopher B.
- Green Fiona
- Green Jennifer B
- Green Jennifer B
- Greene Deb
- Greene Stephen
- Grondin Francois
- Grosskopf Josef
- Groutars Reginald G.E.J.
- Guerci Bruno
- Guice Michael
- Guimaraes Patricia
- Gulseth Hanne
- Gummadi Siva
- Gunstone Anthony
- Gupta Anil
- Gupta Milan
- Gupta Nikita
- Guttormsen Gaute
- Ha JuYoung
- Hackenyos Jonathan
- Haddock Trevorlyn
- Hagenow Andreas
- Hairston Kristen
- Hajdú Csaba
- Halciakova Katarina
- Halperin Frank
- Haluzik Martin
- Hamann Monika
- Hanson Lenita
- Haque Ghazala
- Harcsa Eleonóra
- Harris Tara
- Harrison Lindsay
- Harrison Rob
- Hartard Manfred
- Hartman Israel
- Heitner John
- Hejeebu Srini
- Henry Patrick
- Hereghty Belinda
- Hermany Paul
- Hernandez Mijares Antonio
- Hernandez Adrian F
- Hernandez Adrian F.
- Hernandez-Cassis Carlos
- Heymer Peter
- Hidalgo Horacio
- Higgins Alexander
- Hoek Boudewijn A
- Holman Rury
- Hoogslag Pieter A.M.
- Houle Pierre-Alain
- Hove Jens
- Howell Christina
- Hramiak Irene
- Huppertz Wolfgang
- Hutayanon Pisit
- Ibrahim Hassan
- Illies Gabriele
- Issa Basil
- Izmozherova Nadezhda
- Jackson-Voyzey Ewart
- Jacob Stephan
- Jacobs Shahram
- James Kourtnei
- James Rachel
- Jang Hak Chul
- Janmohamed Salim
- Janmohamed Salim
- Jarosz Marie
- Jenkins Wendy
- Jensen Jan Skov
- Jerjes-Díaz Carlos Sánchez
- Jiménez Díaz Víctor Alfonso
- Jintapakorn Woravut
- Jodar Gimeno Esteban
- Johnson Andrew
- Johnson David
- Johnson Megan
- Jones Michael
- Jones Nigel P
- Jones Nigel P
- Jordan Dedrick
- Joshi Parag
- Jung Thomas
- Kadgaonkar Neha
- Kahrmann Gerd
- Karetnikova Victoria
- Karka Mounika
- Karmalkar Anisha
- Kast Petra
- Kaster Steven
- Katerenchuk Vitaliy
- Kellerer Monika
- Kellum Daniel
- Kelly Aoife
- Kempe Hans-Peter
- Kessler Laurence
- Khandelwal Chaitali
- Kharakhulakh Marina
- Khariouzov Andrei
- Khokhlov Aleksandr
- Kim Chong-Jin
- Kim Christopher
- Kim Ellen
- Kim Hye Soon
- Kim In Joo
- Kirby William
- Klausmann Gerhard
- Klein Christiane
- Kleinecke-Pohl Uwe
- Kleinertz Klaus
- Klodawska Katarzyna
- Knouse Albert
- Kobalava Zhanna
- Kober Lars
- Koch Thorsten
- Kocsis Gyozo
- Kolls Brad
- Kong David
- Konyves Laszlo
- Kooy Adriaan
- Korpachev Vadym
- Kosch Christine
- Koshelskaya Olga
- Kosiborod Mikhail
- Koskinen Pekka
- Kosmacheva Elena
- Kostin Vladimir
- Kotsa Kalliopi
- Kouz Simon
- Kovacheva Snezhina
- Kovacs Christopher
- Koziolova Natalia
- Kragten Johannes A.
- Kravchun Nonna
- Kristiansen Ole Peter
- Krizova Jarmila
- Krzyzagorska Ewa
- Kulback Steven
- Kulkarni Mangesh
- Kumar Mariananda
- Kumar Rakesh
- Kumar Somesh
- Kumari Aditi
- Kuruvanka Tulsidas
- Kuzin Anatoly
- Labroo Ajay
- Lalau Jean-Daniel
- Landry Daniel
- Larin Oleksandr
- Larnefeldt Hans
- Lasswell William
- Lastuvka Jiri
- Lauder Steven
- Lauro Davide
- Lee Eun Young
- Lee Hyoung Woo
- Lee Kwan-Woo
- Lee Moon Kyu
- Leiter Lawrence A
- Leiter Lawrence A.
- Lentz John
- Lenzmeier Thomas
- Lesnov Victor
- Lewis David
- Li Wenyan
- Li Zhaoping
- Lieverse Aloysius G.
- Lif-Tiberg Cornelia
- Lillestol Michael
- Linderfalk Carina
- Lindsay Alistair
- Little Raymond
- Litvak Marcos
- Llamas Edmundo-Alfredo Bayram
- Lokhngina Yuliya
- Lombard Landman
- Longley Troy
- Lonn Eva
- Lopes Renato
- Lopez-Sendon Jose
- Lorimer Jamie
- Lorra Babette
- Lorraine Richard
- Loureyro Juan
- Lozanov Lachezar
- Lucas Morante Tomás
- Luedemann Joerg
- Luna Alejandro
- Lund Gustav
- Lund Per
- Lundman Pia
- Luttermann Matthias
- Lysenko Tatyana
- Maclean Malcolm
- Madej Andrzej
- Maffei Laura
- Makotoko Ellen
- Maldonado Natacha
- Mandal Trisha
- Mandawat Aditya
- Mankovsky Boris
- Manrique Helard
- Marazuela Monica
- Margaritov Viktor
- Markov Valentin
- Marquess Marsha
- Martell Claros Nieves
- Mathews Robin
- Mathieu Chantal
- Mauricio Puente Didac
- Maxeiner Stephan
- Mayorov Alexander
- McGuire Darren
- McKeown-Biagas Cecilia
- McKnight John
- McLaughlin Patricia
- McMurray John J.V.
- McMurray John J.V.
- McNeill Robert
- Mehta Anand
- Mehta Rajendra
- Melchior Thomas
- Melidonis Andreas
- Melloni Chiara
- Mena Ribas Elena
- Merino Torres Juan Francisco
- Mezquita Raya Pedro
- Mhambrey Ankita
- Miekus Pawel
- Migdalis Ilias
- Mihaylova-Shumkova Rositsa
- Milek Karsten
- Miller Alan
- Miller Diane
- Mitrakou Asimina
- Moelle Andrea
- Mohr Gasparini Diego
- Moiseev Sergey
- Moodley Rajendran
- Moon Keon-Woong
- Morales-Palomares Ellen
- Moran Joseph
- Morawski Emily
- Moris Linda
- Mucsi János
- Murphy Karen
- Muzulu Solomon
- Muñoz Ernesto German Cardona
- Myasoedova Svetlana
- Mykhalchyshyn Galyna
- Myshanych Halyna
- Nadar Madhumitha
- Nadar Venkatesh
- Naicker Pallavi
- Namgung June
- Nauck Michael
- Neumann Gerhard
- Nikolaeva Antoaneta
- Nischik Ruth
- Noronha Drusilla
- Nubiola Calonge Andreu
- Nyvad Ole
- O'Connell Ian
- O'Connor Thomas
- O'Mahony William
- Odio Alberto
- Oehrig-Pohl Edith
- Oleksyk Olga
- Olesinska-Mader Martyna
- Olsson Åke
- Oosthuysen Wessels
- Opiela Jaroslaw
- Ordoñez Sánchez Xavier
- Orio Silvia
- Orlenko Valeriia
- Orsi Emanuela
- Overton Robert
- Oyesile Babatunde
- Ozaki Risa
- Pagkalos Emmanouil
- Paolisso Giuseppe
- Papanas Nikolaos
- Pappas Angelos
- Park Kyong Soo
- Parker Reginald
- Pascoe-Gonzalez Sara
- Pascual Izuel Jose Maria
- Pashkovska Nataliia
- Patel Chetan
- Patel Prashant
- Patel Rajesh
- Patel Rajivkumar
- Patel Vickas
- Patil Ashwini P
- Patil Suradnya
- Patterson Catherine
- Pauker Zsolt
- Pearson Ewan
- Pelayo-Orozco Emilia Susana
- Perea Castilla Verónica
- Perez Manghi Federico
- Perez Soto Isabel
- Perez Kathleen
- Perriello Gabriele
- Pertseva Nataliia
- Pesarchick Jean
- Peterson Sean
- Petit Catherine
- Petrosyan Olena
- Petró Gizella
- Petunina Nina
- Philip Sam
- Phillips Lawrence
- Phrommintikul Arintaya
- Piatti Piermarco
- Pinto Miguel
- Piperek Martin
- Plassmann Georg
- Plés Zsolt
- Pohlmeier Lars
- Pontiroli Antonio
- Ponzani Paola
- Pope Connie
- Potnis Omkar
- Povsic Thomas
- Prakash Rahul
- Price Lauren
- Price-Olsen Emma
- Proepper Felix
- Prymkova Vera
- Pérez Pérez Antonio
- Quesada Charneco Miguel
- Quesada Simón Angustias
- Raad George
- Raclavska Lea
- Rahman Aref
- Raikhel Marina
- Raisinghani Ajit
- Rajan Raj
- Ramirez-Diaz Santiago-Paulino
- Raorane Amruta
- Rasouli Neda
- Rauzi Frank
- Rebrov Andrey
- Redón Mas Josep
- Regner Stefan
- Rego Iraeta Antonia
- Reich Dennis
- Rethaford Renee
- Revesz Katalin
- Revoredo Frederick Massucco
- Rich Jenny
- Richards Jackie
- Riddle Matthew
- Rieker Werner
- Rincon Luis Zapata
- Rivellese Angela Albarosa
- Rodriguez Alvarez Maria
- Rodriguez Papini Nelson
- Rodríguez Rodríguez Irene
- Roe Matthew
- Rohr Kathryn
- Romanczuk Piotr
- Rose Ludger
- Roseman Hal
- Rosenberg Anne
- Rosenberg Anne E
- Rosenbloom Alan
- Ross Jorge
- Roush Jennifer
- Rovner Sergio
- Russell Rachael
- Ruyatkina Ludmila
- Saba Fadi
- Sabol Mary Beth
- Sabán Ruiz José
- Sachson Richard
- Sahu Shruti
- Sala Jorgelina
- Saldana-Mendoza Arturo
- Salmonsson Staffan
- Samer Holger
- Samoylova Julia
- Sampanis Christos
- Sandhu Chamandeep
- Sanmartin Berglund Johan
- Sansanayudh Nakarin
- Sarvan Mohamed
- Saswadkar Aarti
- Sauter Joachim
- Sazonova Olga
- Schabauer Alex
- Schaper Frank
- Scheen André
- Schiffer Clemens
- Schleiden Debra
- Schmidt Juergen
- Schneider Ricky
- Scholz Bernd-M.
- Schou Morten
- Schubert Jessica
- Schuchard Timothy
- Schultheis Ron
- Schulze Joerg
- Schuyler Jones William
- Schygiel Pablo
- Sedani Sangeeta
- Segner Alexander
- Sensenbrenner John
- Sesti Giorgio
- Seufert Jochen
- Shaik Fayaz
- Shannon Jennifer
- Sharma Abhinav
- Sharma Richa
- Shavadia Jay
- Shestakova Marina
- Shilkina Natalia
- Shinde Rakesh
- Shitut Aditi
- Shlesinger Yshay
- Siegel Anna
- Sigal Helena
- Sigmon Kristina
- Sigmon Kristina N
- Silhova Elena
- Sinay Isaac
- Singh Narendra
- Sivalingam Kanagaratnam
- Sjöberg Folke
- Skokowska Ewa
- Smirnov Ivan
- Smith Paul
- Smith Peter
- Soffer Joseph
- Sokolova Nadezhda
- Solanki Sheetal
- Somerville Matthew
- Somerville Matthew C
- Soto González Alfonso
- Sowell Margaret
- Sposetti Georgina
- Srimahachota Suphot
- St-Maurice Francois
- Stankiewicz Andrzej
- Stasinska Teresa
- Stead Janet
- Steindorf Joerg
- Stewart Murray
- Stockhausen Juergen
- Stone Allegra
- Stonesifer Larry
- Storey Daniel
- Stoyanova Zhasmina
- Stuebler Petra
- Suh David
- Sukumaran Usha
- Swart Hendrik P.
- Sándor Vangel
- Söderberg Stefan
- Taeschner Heidrun
- Taft Lin
- Tahir Mohammed
- Tan Anjanette
- Tan Choon Beng Kathryn
- Tan Marilyn
- Taylon Alain
- Tentolouris Nikolaos
- Tews Dietrich
- Thakkar Maitreya
- Thomas Betsy
- Thorpe Karl
- Thorpe Karl M
- Thuan Jean-Francois
- Tien Kai Jen
- Tinahones Madueno Francisco
- Tirador Louie
- Tonolo Giancarlo
- Torres-Colores Jose Juan
- Torstensson Ingemar
- Trescoli Serrano Carlos
- Trevisan Roberto
- Tricoci Pierluigi
- Tripathy Devjit
- Trznadel-Morawska Iwona
- Tsapas Apostolos
- Tschoepe Diethelm
- Tseng Shih-Ting
- Tu Shih-Te
- Tugwell Barna
- Tzatzagou Glykeria
- Ulied Armiñana Angels
- Ulla Maria
- Urbanek Robin
- Uwaifo Gabriel
- Van Gaal Luc
- Vandyne Beth
- Vaphare Ashok
- Vasilevskaya Olga
- Vass Viktor
- Vedere Amarnath
- Vemulapalli Sreekanth
- Venugopal Chandra
- Verbovaya Nelli
- Vercammen Chris
- Verra Fernando
- Vidrio-Velázquez Maricela
- Viergever Eric P.
- Villagordoa-Mesa Juan
- Vishneva Elena
- Vizel Saul
- Vlasenko Maryna
- Vo Anthony
- Voinot Christel
- Vorobyev Sergey
- Vorokhobina Natalya
- Vouillarmet Julien
- Vrkoc Jan
- Wang Chih-Yuan
- Wang Ji-Hung
- Watson Anthony
- Watson David
- Welch Michelle
- Welker James
- White Alexander
- Wilhelm Karl
- Willis John
- Wilson Matt
- Wilson Tim
- Witek Robert
- Wium Cecilie
- Womer Terese
- Woo Vincent
- Wraight Ella
- Wynne Alan
- Xing Weibing
- Yamwong Sukit
- Yazdani Shahram
- Ye June
- Yoo Soon Jib
- Yordanov Victor
- Yu Jaemyung
- Zabalua Silvina
- Zaidman Cesar
- Zang Eddie
- Zanozina Olga
- Zeller-Stefan Helga
- Zhdanova Elena
- Zlova Tetiana
- Zubiate Carlos
- Zykova Tatyana
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2018
- Field of study
Background:
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.
Methods:
We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515.
Findings:
Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group.
Interpretation:
In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Funding:
GlaxoSmithKline
Anxiety as a Positive Epistemic Emotion in Politics
- Author
- Achen Christopher
- Albertson Bethany
- Alston William.
- Asch Solomon.
- Bakshy Eytan
- Barabas Jason.
- Barlow David H.
- Benjamin Ludy
- Bou-Hamad Imad
- Brady Michael S.
- Campbell Angus
- Caprara Gran Vittorio
- Chambers Simone.
- Chan Man-pui
- Chartrand Tanya
- Chong Dennis
- Chong Dennis.
- Cohen Geoffrey L.
- Cohen Joshua.
- Crane Tim.
- De Brasi Leandro
- De Brasi Leandro.
- De Brasi Leandro.
- de Sousa Ronald.
- Deigh John.
- Doris John M.
- Druckman James
- Druckman James N.
- Duggan Maeve
- Edwards Kari
- Esau Katharina
- Estlund David M.
- Evans Jonathan St.
- Eysenck Michael W.
- Farrar Cynthia
- Fearon James D.
- Festinger Leon.
- Fishkin James S.
- Fleeson William
- Fleeson William.
- Friedman Jeffrey.
- Funder David C.
- Funder David C.
- Gigerenzer Gerd
- Goldie Peter.
- Goldie Peter.
- Gorman Sara E.
- Gray Jeffrey A.
- Groeber Patrick
- Gutmann Amy
- Hafstad Anne
- Harman Gilbert.
- Harman Gilbert.
- Hess Diana
- Hewstone Miles
- Hoffrage Ulrich.
- Hookway Christopher.
- Hookway Christopher.
- Isenberg Daniel J.
- Jennings Joshua H.
- Johnson Genevieve Fuji
- Joslyn Mark R.
- Jost John T.
- Jost John T.
- Kahan Dan M.
- Kahan Dan M.
- Kahneman Daniel.
- Kim Sung-Yon
- Kruglanski Arie W.
- Kruse Lisa
- Kuklinski James H.
- Kunda Ziva.
- Kühberger Anton.
- Lau Richard R.
- Lazarus Richard S.
- LeDoux Joseph E.
- Lee Hoon
- Lee Jiyoung
- Levendusky Matthew
- Lindell Marina
- Lodge Milton
- Lord Charles G.
- Luminet Olivier
- Luskin Robert C.
- Lynch Michael.
- MacKuen Michael
- Marcus George E.
- Marcus George E.
- Marcus George E.
- Marcus George E.
- McIntyre Lee.
- McNally Richard F.
- Mercier Hugo
- Mercier Hugo.
- Meylan Anne.
- Miceli Maria
- Miller Patrick
- Morton Adam.
- Morton Adam.
- Nai Alessandro
- Neblo Michael.
- Neuman W. Russell
- Newman Nic
- Nickerson Raymond.
- Nyhan Brendan
- Paluck Elizabeth
- Pariser Eli.
- Parker Michael
- Perkins Adam M.
- Pfau Michael.
- Popkin Samuel L.
- Price Carolyn.
- Pronin Emily
- Rachman Stanley.
- Rahn Wendy M.
- Redlawsk David P.
- Redlawsk David P.
- Roseman Ira J.
- Ross Lee
- Scherer Klaus R.
- Schkade David
- Sniderman Paul M.
- Stanley Matthew
- Stroud Natalie.
- Sunstein Cass R.
- Sunstein Cass R.
- Tetlock Phillip E.
- Tetlock Phillip E.
- Tiedens Larissa Z.
- Tversky Amos
- Valentino Nicholas A.
- Valentino Nicholas A.
- Vasilopoulos Pavlos
- Vavova Katia.
- Vazard Juliette.
- Wojcieszak Magdalena
- Wood Thomas
- Zollman Kevin J. S.
- Öhman Arne.
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- Field of study
A Phase II Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Prasinezumab in Early Parkinson's Disease (PASADENA) : Rationale, Design, and Baseline Data
- Author
- Aaron Ellenbogen
- Agnes Poirier
- Alexander Strasak
- Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- Alexandra Samier-Foubert
- Alexandre Eusebio
- Alfons Schnitzler
- Alicia Gonzalez Martinez
- Alisa Petit
- Amelie Bichon
- Amir Besharat
- Ana Marques
- Andrea Hahn
- Andrea Horta-Barba
- Andrea Kuehn
- Andreas Hartmann
- Andres Deik
- Andrew Billnitzer
- Andrew Siderowf
- Anke Post
- Anke Post
- Ann Marie Diaz-Hernandez
- Anna Castrioto
- Annabelle Monnet
- Annamarie Vogt
- Annamarie Vogt
- Anne Boulay
- Anne Boulay
- Anne Fradet
- Anne-Gaëlle Corbillé
- Annette Janzen
- Anthony Ciabarra
- Anthony Nicholas
- Antonio Hernandez
- Antonio Palasi
- Antonio Sanchez
- Arantza Gorospe
- Arjun Tarakad
- Ashok Sriram
- Atieh Bamdadian
- Azad Bonni
- Azad Bonni
- Benedicte Passmard
- Benedicte Ricci
- Benedicte Ricci
- Benjamin Roeben
- Berengere Debilly
- Brenton Wright
- Brice Laurens
- Brit Mollenhauer
- Brit Mollenhauer
- Brit Mollenhauer
- Cameron Dietiker
- Carmen Gasca
- Caroline Giordana
- Caroline Tanner
- Caroline Weill
- Carolyn Taylor
- Catherine Cassé-Perrot
- Cecile Luzy
- Cecile Preterre
- Chareyna Anandan
- Cheikh Diack
- Cheryl Waters
- Chris Edgar
- Christian Czech
- Christian Hartmann
- Christian Homedes
- Christine Murphy
- Christine Schubert
- Christof Bruecke
- Christoph Muehlberg
- Christoph Sarry
- Christopher Kobet
- Claire Carroll
- Claire Landsdall
- Claire Thalamus
- Claudia Altendorf
- Claudia Eickhoff
- Cornelia Weber
- Daniel K Ness
- Daniel K. Ness
- Daniel Umbricht
- Daniel Umbricht
- Daniela Samaniego-Toro
- Danielle Feigenbaum
- Danny Bega
- David Grabli
- David Maltete
- David Russell
- Dennis Deptula
- Dennis Selkoe
- Dunia Mon Martinez
- Dylan Trundell
- Edilio Borroni
- Ekaterina Volkova-Volkmar
- Elena Moro
- Elizabeth Peckham
- Ellen Rose
- Elmar Pinkhardt
- Elodie David
- Elsa Pomies
- Emily Ruether
- Emma Moore
- Emmanuelle Schmitt
- Endy Weidinger
- Ernest Balaguer Martinez
- Ethan Brown
- Eve Benchetrit
- Fabienne Calvas
- Federico Carbone
- Felix Bernhard
- Ferenc Martenyi
- Florian Lipsmeier
- Franca Fries
- Franck Durif
- Frank Boess
- Frank G. Boess
- Frederique Fluchere
- Freiderike Borngräber
- Gene G. Kinney
- Gennaro Pagano
- Gennaro Pagano
- Gerrit Machetanz
- Giulia Andrews
- Giulia D'Urso
- Gloria Marti
- Gregor Wenzel
- Guenter Hoeglinger
- Gurutz Linazasoro Cristóbal
- Hannah Eddleston
- Hannah Staunton
- Hanno Svoboda
- Hanno Svoboda
- Hayet Salhi
- Heidi Pape
- Helena Bejr-Kasem Marco
- Helene Catala
- Holly Shill
- Ines Esparragosa Vazquez
- Ira Goodman
- Irene Litvan
- Irene Richard
- Isabel Wurster
- Isabelle Benatru
- Jaime Kulisevsky Bojarsky
- James Boyd
- Jan Kassubek
- Janell DeGiorgio
- Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Jean-Luc Houeto
- Jean-Philippe Azulay
- Jeanette Baker
- Jeff Sevigny
- Jeff Sevigny
- Jeffrey Gross
- Jennifer Hui
- Jennifer Koebert
- Jens Ebentheuer
- Jerome Chague
- Jesus Perez
- Jocelyne Jiao
- Johannes Levin
- John Fang
- Johnson Moon
- Jonathan Vöglein
- Jorge Hernandez-Vara
- Jorge Uriel Manez Miro
- Jose Manuel García Moreno
- Joseph Classen
- Joseph Jankovic
- Joseph Quinn
- Jost-Julian Rumpf
- Joyce Gibbons
- Juan Marin
- Judith Anzures-Cabrera
- Juergen Dukart
- Juliana Coleman
- Julie Schwartzbard
- Julio Dotor
- Julius Huebl
- Junior Jauregui
- Justine Chan
- Kara Bardram
- Karina Dimenshteyn
- Karla Maria Eggert
- Karlo Lizarraga
- Katerina Mironova
- Katherine Longardner
- Kathrin Brockmann
- Kathrin Marini
- Kaycee Sink
- Kelly Johnson-Wood
- Kelly Lyons
- Kenneth Marek
- Kerstin Schweyer
- Kevin Klos
- Kimberly Kwei
- Kirsten I. Taylor
- Kirsten I. Taylor
- Kirsten Taylor
- Klaus Seppi
- Laura Casado Fernandez
- Laure Delaby
- Laurent Essioux
- Lille Kurvits
- Lisa Deuel
- Louise-Laure Mariani
- Lydia Lopez Manzanares
- Lydia Vela
- Lynne Verselis
- Maddalena Marchesi
- Maddalena Marchesi
- Mangone Graziella
- Manpreet Multani
- Maria de Toledo
- Maria Jose Marti Domenech
- Maria Jose Marti Domenech
- Maria Rosario Luquin Puido
- Mariana Cosgaya
- Marianne Manchester
- Marie Fournier
- Marie Goubeaud
- Marie-Helene Delfini
- Marina Peball
- Marisol Gallardó Pérez
- Marissa Dean
- Markus Abt
- Markus Britschgi
- Markus Britschgi
- Markus Keller
- Markus Niggli
- Martin Koller
- Martin Koller
- Martin Kunz
- Matthew Brodsky
- Maya Katz
- Megana Prasad
- Meret Martin-Facklam
- Michael Honer
- Michael Lindemann
- Milan Zimmermann
- Mirko Wegscheider
- Monica Canelo
- Monique Galitzky
- Morgan Farell
- Nabila Dahodwala
- Nadege Van Blercom
- Nathalie Pross
- Natividad Stover
- Neepa Patel
- Nicholas Barbet
- Nijee Luthra
- Nora Vanegas-Arrogave
- Oliver Schorr
- Olivier Rascol
- Oren Levy
- PASADENA Investigators
- Pascal Derkinderen
- Pat Kaminski
- Patricia Krause
- Paulo Fontoura
- Paulo Fontoura
- Peter LeWitt
- Peter Morrison
- Philipp Derost
- Philipp Ellmerer
- Philippe Damier
- Philippe Remy
- Prasinezumab Study Group
- Prity Patel
- Rachelle Doody
- Rachelle Doody
- Radhika Tripuraneni
- Rafael Perez
- Rafael Zuzuarregui
- Rajeev Kumar
- Rajesh Pahwa
- Raphaele Arrouasse
- Raquel Guimaraes-Costa
- Rebecca Finch
- Robert Coleman
- Robert Hauser
- Rocio Lopez
- Ryan Walsh
- Sagari Bette
- Samia Cheriet
- Samuel Frank
- Sana Aslam
- Sara Belli
- Sara Eichau Madueño
- Sara Lucas del Pozo
- Sara Meoni
- Saul Martinez
- Sebastian Dziadek
- Shadi Barbu
- Shannon Klos
- Shirin Jadidi
- Silja Kannenberg
- Silke Weber
- Simon Laganiere
- Siobhan Ewert
- Solène Ansquer
- Sophie Blondeau
- Srinath Kadimi
- Stefan Holiga
- Stephan Grimaldi
- Stuart Isaacson
- Susanne Ostrowitzki
- Susanne Ostrowitzki
- Sylvia Maass
- Sylvian Vergnet
- Tania Nikolcheva
- Tania Nikolcheva
- Tanya Simuni
- Tanya Simuni
- Tatiana Witjas
- Teresa Barata
- Terry Peery
- Thomas Boraud
- Thomas Davis
- Thomas Gasser
- Thomas Kremer
- Thomas Kustermann
- Thomas Toothaker
- Tiffany Quock
- Tim Steven
- Timothy Kilchenmann
- Tiphaine Vidal
- Travis Hassell
- Umberto Spampinato
- Valerie Cosson
- Valerie Fraix
- Victoria Sergo
- Wagner M. Zago
- Wagner Zago
- Waltraud Gruenbauer
- Wassilios Meissner
- Werner Poewe
- Werner Poewe
- Xavier Joseph
- Yaroslau Compta
- Yolanda Macias
- Publication venue
- 'Frontiers Media SA'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2021
- Field of study
Altres ajuts: F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.Background: Currently available treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) do not slow clinical progression nor target alpha-synuclein, a key protein associated with the disease. Objective: The study objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of prasinezumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds aggregated alpha-synuclein, in individuals with early PD. Methods: The PASADENA study is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment study. Individuals with early PD, recruited across the US and Europe, received monthly intravenous doses of prasinezumab (1,500 or 4,500 mg) or placebo for a 52-week period (Part 1), followed by a 52-week extension (Part 2) in which all participants received active treatment. Key inclusion criteria were: aged 40-80 years; Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) Stage I or II; time from diagnosis ≤2 years; having bradykinesia plus one other cardinal sign of PD (e.g., resting tremor, rigidity); DAT-SPECT imaging consistent with PD; and either treatment naïve or on a stable monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor dose. Study design assumptions for sample size and study duration were built using a patient cohort from the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). In this report, baseline characteristics are compared between the treatment-naïve and MAO-B inhibitor-treated PASADENA cohorts and between the PASADENA and PPMI populations. Results: Of the 443 patients screened, 316 were enrolled into the PASADENA study between June 2017 and November 2018, with an average age of 59.9 years and 67.4% being male. Mean time from diagnosis at baseline was 10.11 months, with 75.3% in H&Y Stage II. Baseline motor and non-motor symptoms (assessed using Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS]) were similar in severity between the MAO-B inhibitor-treated and treatment-naïve PASADENA cohorts (MDS-UPDRS sum of Parts I + II + III [standard deviation (SD)]; 30.21 [11.96], 32.10 [13.20], respectively). The overall PASADENA population (63.6% treatment naïve and 36.4% on MAO-B inhibitor) showed a similar severity in MDS-UPDRS scores (e.g., MDS-UPDRS sum of Parts I + II + III [SD]; 31.41 [12.78], 32.63 [13.04], respectively) to the PPMI cohort (all treatment naïve). Conclusions: The PASADENA study population is suitable to investigate the potential of prasinezumab to slow disease progression in individuals with early PD. Trial Registration: NCT03100149
Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy on Survival and Organ Support–Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19
- Author
- Abbass Hakam
- Abdeladim Lilia
- Abdelhady Hesham
- Abdelkharim Hussam
- Abdelrazik Marwa
- Abdi Zakee
- Abdukahil Sheryl Ann
- Abel Lynn
- Abraham Jacinta
- Abrahamson Gail
- Abusamra Yousuf
- Aceto Romina
- Adams Peter
- Adebambo Olumide
- Adhikari Neill
- Affleck Julia
- Agha Gloria
- Aghemo Alessio
- Agno Ronan
- Aguilar-Dano April
- Ahmad Norfaizan
- Ain Quratul
- Ainscough Kate
- Ainsworth James
- Aitken Lindianne
- Akamp Ceren
- Al Amri Ali
- Al Enezi Farhan
- Al Qasim Eman
- Al-Bassam Wisam
- Al-Beidh Farah
- Albert Martin
- Albrett Jonathan
- Alderink Bashar
- Alderman Meera
- Alegria Ana
- Alexander Brian
- Alexander Peter
- Alfonso Jordan
- Ali Farisha
- Ali Maryam
- Ali Murtaza
- Allam Hayat
- Allen Barbara
- Allen Louise
- Allibone Suzanne
- Alqahtani Samah
- Alswaidan Lolowa
- Altomy Mohammed
- Amatya Sameena
- Ambrosino Richard
- Anders Jeanette
- Anderson Thomas
- Andreae Mark
- Andric Zdravko
- Angus Derek
- Anjum Aisha
- Ankert Juliane
- Annane Djillali
- Anne-Laure Fedou
- Anstey Matthew
- Antcliffe David
- Anthony Alpha
- Antoine Marchalot
- Antoine Pierre
- Antoine Studer
- Anumakonda Vikram
- Aparicio Christelle
- Apte Yogesh
- Arabi Yaseen
- Arachchige Malka
- Arbane Gill
- Archer Simon
- Aref Noah
- Arias Ana-Marie
- Arias Sonia
- Arishi Hatim
- Arnold Donald
- Arnold John
- Aryal Diptesh
- Asif Namra
- Aspinwall Angelique
- Attanayaka Udara
- Attokaran Antony
- Attwood Ben
- Au Carly
- Austin Karen
- Austin Pauline
- Avard Bronwyn
- Awan Sidra
- Azaiz Amine
- Azergui Nora
- Azzaui Harun
- Babel Jakša
- Babu Suresh
- Bacon Gina
- Badalamenti Salvatore
- Badie Julio
- Bagavathy Kavitha
- Bagot Catherine
- Bagshaw Sean
- Baig Nadia
- Baikady Ravishankar
- Baillie Kenneth
- Bain William
- Baker Evelyn
- Bakthavatsalam Dhanalakshmi
- Balaie Morteza
- Bamford Amy
- Bamford Peter
- Banach Dorota
- Bannard-Smith Jonathan
- Barbash Ian
- Barbazza Leanne
- Barber Russell
- Barbier François
- Barge Deborah
- Bari Sara
- Bariola Ryan
- Barker Gareth
- Barnes Nicky
- Baron Rebecca
- Barreau Amelie
- Bart Robert
- Bartholdy Roland
- Bartley Shauna
- Barton David
- Barton Frances
- Bashyal Archana
- Basile Kim
- Bass Frances
- Bassford Christopher
- Bastola Sirjana
- Bastos Joana Margarida Pereira Sousa
- Bates Michelle
- Bates Samantha
- Batista Teresa Margarida Oliveira
- Bauchmuller Kris
- Bean Sarah
- Beane Abi
- Beard Gregory
- Beasley Richard
- Beavis Sarah
- Bedford Caroline
- Beer Deborah
- Begin Phillipe
- Begum Salma
- Bell Gillian
- Bellemare David
- Beltran Mercedes
- Bendjemar Lynda
- Benettaib Fatna
- Bensen Nicole
- Benyon Sarah
- Benzekri Dalila
- Berdaguer Fernando
- Bergin Colin
- Berry Lindsay
- Berry Scott
- Berryman Emily
- Bertel Melanie
- Best-Lane Janis
- Besten Henny
- Bevan Emily
- Bewley Jeremy
- Beyerl Ashley
- Bhagani Sanjay
- Bhandal Khushpreet
- Bhattarai Binita
- Bhimani Zahra
- Bhonagiri Deepak
- Biddie Simon
- Bihari Shailesh
- Binnie Alexandra
- Biradar Vishwanath
- Birch Janine
- Birch Jenny
- Birchall Kathrine
- Birkinshaw Isobel
- Black Ethel
- Blackledge Bethany
- Blakemore Hayley
- Bland Yvonne
- Blank Elisabeth
- Bloos Frank
- Board Jasmin
- Bocher Simon
- Bociek Aneta
- Boivin Anne-Hélène
- Bojunga Jörg
- Bone Allison
- Bonner Stephen
- Bonten Marc
- Borgatta Barbara
- Borislavova Borislava
- Borrill Zoe
- Boschert Catherine
- Bossard Isabelle
- Boulanger Marie-Claude
- Boumahni Dounia
- Bouman Angela
- Bounab Rania
- Bourgoin Charlotte
- Bourne Michelle
- Bourne Richard
- Bouvier Elodie
- Bouw-Ruiter Marianne
- Boué Yvonnick
- Bowen James
- Bowler Helen
- Boyd Craig
- Boyles Rebecca
- Bracke Stephanie
- Bradbury Charlotte
- Bradley Paul
- Brady Kara
- Brailsford Jane
- Brain Matthew
- Brajković Ana
- Brakké Karen
- Brant Emily
- Breen Patrick
- Bremmer Pamela
- Brennan Aoife
- Bretagnol Anne
- Brett Stephen
- Brewer Chris
- Brickell Kathy
- Brieger Klaus-Gerd
- Brightling Chris
- Brillinger Nicole
- Brimfield Lutece
- Brinkerhoff Gail
- Brochard Laurent
- Brohi Farooq
- Brooks Nicole
- Brown Cynthia
- Brown Louise
- Browne Troy
- Brugman Curt
- Brunetta Enrico
- Brunkhorst Frank
- Brunskill Nigel
- Bryan-Morris Kayla
- Buchanan Philip
- Budd Joanna
- Buehner Ulrike
- Buhay Megan
- Buhr Heidi
- Burbee Dylan
- Burda Dorota
- Burke David
- Burke Tara
- Burkey Jason
- Burnish Rachel
- Burns Dean
- Burns Karen
- Burrell Aidan
- Burt Karen
- Buscher Hergen
- Butler Amelia
- Butler Magdalena
- Buxton Meredith
- Buzgau Adrian
- Byrne Kathleen
- Bélteczki János
- Cabrelli Louise
- Cabreros Leilani
- Cairns Tom
- Calfee Carolyn
- Callender Owen
- Cambalova Lenka
- Campbell Andrew
- Campbell Bridget
- Campbell Lewis
- Campbell Ryan
- Campisi Josie
- Campos Sara
- Camsooksai Julie
- Caplin Cecile
- Carbonneau Frédérick
- Carmona Rosario
- Carn Vanessa
- Carpio Lillian
- Carr-Wilkinson Joanne
- Carrier François
- Carrier Marc
- Carter Brittney
- Carter David
- Carter Jay
- Casali Sherry
- Casey Ruth
- Casey Siobhan
- Castelain Vincent
- Cathcart Susanne
- Catorze Nuno José Teodoro Amaro dos Santos
- Cattelan Jessy
- Cavayas Alexandros
- Cawley Kathryn
- Cazzola Federica
- Cecconi Maurizio
- Centofanti John
- Champanerkar Shreekant
- Chan Carmen
- Chan Charles
- Chan Peter
- Chapman Marianne
- Chapman Susan
- Charles Bethan
- Charles Walton
- Charlewood Richard
- Charlton Sam
- Charron Cyril
- Chartier Delphine
- Chasse Michael
- Chassé Michaël
- Chen Yan
- Cheng Allen
- Cherian Shiney
- Cheung Winston
- Chhablani Manish
- Chukkambotla Sri
- Ciccarelli Michele
- Cirstea Emanuel
- Clair Bernard
- Clark Michele
- Clark Richard
- Clark Sarah
- Clarke Frances
- Clarke Jennifer
- Claxton Andrew
- Clement Ian
- Clere-Jehl Raphael
- Clermont Giles
- Clermont Gilles
- Cloutier Ève
- Cockrell Maeve
- Codreanu Daniel
- Coetzee Samantha
- Coghlan Phoebe
- Cole Jade
- Coles Jennifer
- Colin Gwenhael
- Collier Dawn
- Collins Amy
- Collins Daniel
- Collins Emma
- Collins Érin
- Collis Matthew
- Combaux Daniele
- Commons Robert
- Comp Susan
- Connolly Karen
- Constantini Elena
- Contou Damien
- Cook Deborah
- Cook Tim
- Cooke Jill
- Cooke Justin
- Cooper Jamie
- Cooper Josh
- Cooper Lauren
- Cooper Melanie
- Cooper Nichola
- Corbett Sarah
- Corcoran Ele
- Cornell Sarah
- Cort Jon
- Costerousse Olivier
- Couillard-Chénard Émilie
- Courtin Laura
- Coutts Amanda
- Cove Matthew
- Cowdrey Keri-Anne
- Cowley Nicholas
- Cowton Amanda
- Coyne Mark
- Craner Michelle
- Craven Thomas
- Creagh-Brown Ben
- Cremer Olaf
- Crisp Nikki
- Croft Maria
- Cruz Raulle
- Cruz Rhoze
- Cudlipp Joanna
- Cuesta Jeronimo
- Curley Gerard
- Currie Andrew
- Cusack Rebecca
- Cuthbertson Brian
- Cutler Sean
- Cviljevic Sabina
- Cárcel Sheila
- da Rocha Joana
- Daebis Admad
- Daher Rana
- Dale Katie
- Daley Jessica
- Dalton James
- Daly James
- Daly Zoe
- Daneman Nick
- Dark Paul
- Darnell Robert
- Darshana Sri
- Daugherty Jason
- Davey Miriam
- Davidson Neil
- Davies Ellie
- Davies Gwyneth
- Davies Louisa
- Davies Michelle
- Davies Rhys
- Dawda Ashlish
- Day Christopher
- de Bus Liesbet
- de Courcy-Golder Kim
- de Jong Menno
- de Jonge Evert
- de Keulenaer Adrian
- de la Fuente Carmen
- de Man Angelique
- de Neef Mark
- de Waele Jan
- Deacon Bethan
- Dean Steven
- Dean Tessa
- Dearden Joy
- Dechert William
- Declerq Pierre
- Degracia Anna
- del Prado Michael
- del Sorbo Lorenzo
- Dela Rosa Arnold
- Delaney Kirsha
- Demetriou Carrie
- Dempster Debra
- Denmade Craig
- Depuydt Pieter
- Dequin Pierre-François
- Derde Lennie
- Deshpande Kush
- Detry Michelle
- Deye Nicolas
- Dice Julie
- Digby Stephen
- Distler Michael
- Doble Patricia
- Dobson Jade
- Doherty Kaleigh
- Doherty Ronan
- Dolman Rozzie
- Donadee Chenell
- Dondrop Arjen
- Donegan Clare
- Donlon Sinead
- Donnelly Adrian
- Donnison Phil
- Doonan Reece
- Doran Peter
- Dore Rachael
- Dormand Natalie
- Dragija Lidija
- Drapola Debra
- Drayss Maria
- Driscoll Alana
- Drummond Andrew
- Drury Kay
- Duan Erick
- Duberley Stephen
- Duffy Eamon
- Duffy Oscar
- Dujardin Romein
- Duke Graeme
- Duke Zoe
- Duncan Tracy
- Dunsavage Janice
- Duplaix Mathilde
- Dushianthan Ahilanandan
- Eastgate Christine
- Ebenezer R
- Edwards Alexandra
- Effelaar Evelien
- Egreteau Pierre
- Ehrmann Stephan
- Eichenauer Dennis
- Eichinger Fred
- Ekhérian Jean-Michel
- El-Khawas Khaled
- Elender Corinna
- Elhassan Munzir
- Ellervee Anneli
- Ellis Chiara
- Ellis Christine
- Elmahi Einas
- Elsefi Tarek
- Eltayeb Ayaa
- Elvira Evangeline
- English Shane
- Epelman Slava
- Eroglu Ege
- Estcourt Lise
- Estensen Kristen
- Evans Andrew
- Evans Debra
- Everitt Robert
- Evers Mirjam
- Evetts George
- Ewalds Esther
- Fagan Laura
- Fagbodun Elizabeth
- Farahi Neda
- Farnell-Ward Sarah
- Fartoukh Muriel
- Faulkner Beverley
- Faulkner Maria
- Fazekas Ágnes
- Felton Tim
- Fennessy Gerard
- Ferguson Niall
- Ferguson Susan
- Fergusson Dean
- Fernandez Maria
- Fernando Gloria
- Fernández de Pinedo Artaraz Ziortza
- Ferreira Ricardo Manuel Castro
- Ferrier Janet
- Ferringer Cindy
- Fesz Jessica
- Fierens Jan
- Finch Cheryl
- Finn André
- Finn Stephanie
- Fischer Roy
- Fitzgerald Mark
- Fitzpatrick Meghan
- Fletcher Simon
- Flint Neil
- Flor Thomas
- Florescu Simin
- Folci Marco
- Forbes Andrew
- Forbes Loretta
- Ford Megan
- Forster Elliot
- Fortune Louise
- Foster Tracy
- Fottrell-Gould Deirdre
- Foulds Angela
- Fowler Rob
- Fowler Robert
- Fox Claire
- Fox Eleonore
- Fragner Gertrud
- Frakking Thuy
- Francoeur François
- Francois Bruno
- Frankfurter Claudia
- Franz Christopher
- François Bourgerol
- Frater Alasdair
- French Craig
- Frey Anna
- Frey Christian
- Frise Matthew
- Fuchs Ralph
- Fysh Ed
- Gachet Alexandre
- Galea James
- Ganesan Arunkumar
- Ganesan Manisha
- Ganguly Saibal
- Garcia Sara
- Gardiner-Hill Caroline
- Garot Denis
- Garrard Hywel
- Garrard William
- Garrett Peter
- Garton Mark
- Gascoyne Rachel
- Gattas David
- Gauli Basanta
- Gay Alexandra
- Gaylard Jane
- Gellamucho Minerva
- Gemmell Lisa
- Gendall Emma
- Geng Wenli
- Geoghegan Pierce
- Geri Guillaume
- Geurts Heidi
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- Wibrow Bradley
- Wigbers Jeanette
- Wilby Elizabeth
- Wilcox Elizabeth
- Wilcox Louise
- Wild Helen
- Wild Laura
- Wilding Laura
- Wiles Matt
- Wiley Daisy
- Wilhelmsen Elva
- Wilkinson Dean
- Willams Felicity
- Williams Alexandra
- Williams Angharad
- Williams Anna
- Williams Erin
- Williams Gemma
- Williams Karen
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- Williams Tony
- Williams Virginie
- Willis Joanna
- Willson Jayne
- Wilson Anna
- Wilson Craig
- Wilson Maggie
- Winters James
- Winters Lauren
- Wise Matt
- Wiseman Sophie
- Wisniewski Mary
- Wittenberg Wendy
- Wnuk Chris
- Woelke Amy
- Wong Helen
- Wong Onyee
- Wood Erica
- Wood Hannah
- Wood Tracy
- Woods Jane
- Woods Lindsey
- Worner Ruth
- Wren Jess
- Wren Lynn
- Wrey Brown Caroline
- Wright Chris
- Wunderley Renee
- Wyatt Rachel
- Wylie Katharine
- Xavier Kugan
- Yang Yang
- Yarad Elizabeth
- Yates David
- Yealy Donald
- Young Chelsea
- Young Ian
- Young Meredith
- Young Paul
- Youngstein Taryn
- Yu Haili
- Yusuff Hakeem
- Zaharia Mihaela
- Zaidi Abbas
- Zaki Ahmed
- Zaman Mohsin
- Zammit Claire
- Zapalac Marija
- Zarychanski Ryan
- Zhao Xiao
- Zinzoni Vanessa
- Zitter Letizia
- Zouita Louisa
- Đimoti Renata
- Publication venue
- American Medical Association
- Publication date
- 05/04/2022
- Field of study
International audienc
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)
- Author
- Abdel-Aziz Amal Kamal
- Abdelfatah Sara
- Abdellatif Mahmoud
- Abdoli Asghar
- Abel Steffen
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abildgaard Marie H
- Abudu Yakubu Princely
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adamopoulos Iannis E
- Adeli Khosrow
- Adolph Timon E
- Adornetto Annagrazia
- Aflaki Elma
- Afshar Elham Ghasemipour
- Agam Galila
- Agarwal Anupam
- Aggarwal Bharat B
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Agrewala Javed N
- Agrotis Alexander
- Aguilar Patricia V
- Ahmad S Tariq
- Ahmed Zubair M
- Ahumada-Castro Ulises
- Aits Sonja
- Aizawa Shu
- Akkoc Yunus
- Akoumianaki Tonia
- Akpinar Hafize Aysin
- Al-Abd Ahmed M
- Al-Akra Lina
- Al-Bari M Abdul Alim
- Al-Gharaibeh Abeer
- Alaoui-Jamali Moulay A
- Alberti Simon
- Alcocer-Gomez Elisabet
- Alcon Soledad Porte
- Alessandri Cristiano
- Ali Muhammad
- Aliwaini Saeb
- Alizadeh Javad
- Almacellas Eugenia
- Almasan Alexandru
- Alonso Alicia
- Alonso Guillermo D
- Altan-Bonnet Nihal
- Altieri Dario C
- Alvarez Elida MC
- Alves Sara
- Alzaharna Mazen M
- Amadio Marialaura
- Amantini Consuelo
- Amaral Cristina
- Ambrosio Susanna
- Amer Amal O
- Ammanathan Veena
- An Zhenyi
- Andersen Stig U
- Andrabi Shaida A
- Andrade-Silva Magaiver
- Andres Allen M
- Angelini Sabrina
- Ann David
- Anozie Uche C
- Ansari Mohammad Y
- Antas Pedro
- Antebi Adam
- Anton Zurine
- Anwar Tahira
- Apetoh Lionel
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Araki Toshiyuki
- Araki Yasuhiro
- Arasaki Kohei
- Araujo Thais Fenz
- Araujo Wagner L
- Araya Jun
- Arden Catherine
- Arevalo Maria-Angeles
- Arguelles Sandro
- Arias Esperanza
- Arikkath Jyothi
- Arimoto Hirokazu
- Ariosa Aileen R
- Armstrong-James Darius
- Arnaune-Pelloquin Laetitia
- Aroca Angeles
- Arroyo Daniela S
- Arsov Ivica
- Artero Ruben
- Asaro Dalia Maria Lucia
- Aschner Michael
- Ashrafizadeh Milad
- Ashur-Fabian Osnat
- Atanasov Atanas G
- Au Alicia K
- Auberger Patrick
- Auner Holger W
- Aurelian Laure
- Autelli Riccardo
- Avagliano Laura
- Avalos Yenniffer
- Aveic Sanja
- Aveleira Celia Alexandra
- AvinWittenberg Tamar
- Aydin Yucel
- Ayton Scott
- Ayyadevara Srinivas
- Azzopardi Maria
- Baba Misuzu
- Backer Jonathan M
- Backues Steven K
- Bae Dong-Hun
- Bae Ok-Nam
- Bae Soo Han
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Baek Ahruem
- Baek Seung-Hoon
- Baek Sung Hee
- Bagetta Giacinto
- Bagniewska-Zadworna Agnieszka
- Bai Hua
- Bai Jie
- Bai Xiyuan
- Bai Yidong
- Bairagi Nandadulal
- Baksi Shounak
- Balazadeh Salma
- Balbi Teresa
- Baldari Cosima T
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Ballester Maria
- Balzan Rena
- Bandopadhyay Rina
- Banerjee Sreeparna
- Banerjee Sulagna
- Bao Yan
- Baptista Mauricio S
- Baracca Alessandra
- Barbati Cristiana
- Bargiela Ariadna
- Barila Daniela
- Barlow Peter G
- Barmada Sami J
- Barreiro Esther
- Barrera Miguel Calvo-Rubio
- Barreto George E
- Bartek Jiri
- Bartel Bonnie
- Bartolome Alberto
- Barve Gaurav R
- Basagoudanavar Suresh H
- Bassham Diane C
- Basu Alakananda
- Batoko Henri
- Batten Isabella
- Baulieu Etienne E
- Baumgarner Bradley L
- Bayry Jagadeesh
- Beale Rupert
- Beau Isabelle
- Beaumatin Florian
- Bechara Luiz RG
- Beck George R Jr
- Beers Michael F
- Begun Jakob
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Behrens Georg MN
- Bei Roberto
- Bejarano Eloy
- Bel Shai
- Belaid Amine
- Belgareh-Touze Naima
- Bellarosa Cristina
- Belleudi Francesca
- Bello Perez Melissa
- Bello-Morales Raquel
- Beltran Sebastian
- Benbrook Doris Mangiaracina
- Bendorius Mykolas
- Benitez Bruno A
- Benito-Cuesta Irene
- Bensalem Julien
- Berchtold Martin W
- Berezowska Sabina
- Bergamaschi Daniele
- Bergami Matteo
- Bergmann Andreas
- Berliocchi Laura
- Berlioz-Torrent Clarisse
- Bernard Amelie
- Berthoux Lionel
- Besirli Cagri G
- Besteiro Sebastien
- Betin Virginie M
- Beyaert Rudi
- Bezbradica Jelena S
- Bharath MM Srinivas
- Bhaskar Kiran
- Bhatia-Kissova Ingrid
- Bhattacharya Resham
- Bhattacharya Sujoy
- Bhattacharyya Shalmoli
- Bhuiyan Md Shenuarin
- Bhutia Sujit Kumar
- Bi Lanrong
- Bi Xiaolin
- Biden Trevor J
- Bijian Krikor
- Billes Viktor A
- Binart Nadine
- Bincoletto Claudia
- Birgisdottir Asa B
- Bjorkoy Geir
- Blanco Gonzalo
- Blas-Garcia Ana
- Blasiak Janusz
- Blomgran Robert
- Blomgren Klas
- Blum Janice S
- Boada-Romero Emilio
- Boban Mirta
- BoeszeBattaglia Kathleen
- Boeuf Philippe
- Boland Barry
- Bomont Pascale
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Bonam Srinivasa Reddy
- Bonfili Laura
- Bonifacino Juan S
- Boone Brian A
- Bootman Martin D
- Bordi Matteo
- Borner Christoph
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Borthakur Gautam
- Bosch Jurgen
- Bose Santanu
- Botana Luis M
- Botas Juan
- Boulanger Chantal M
- Boulton Michael E
- Bourdenx Mathieu
- Bourgeois Benjamin
- Bourke Nollaig M
- Bousquet Guilhem
- Boya Patricia
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Bozi Luiz HM
- Bozkurt Tolga O
- Brackney Doug E
- Brand-Saberi Beate
- Brandts Christian H
- Braun Ralf J
- Braus Gerhard H
- Bravo-Sagua Roberto
- Bravo-San Pedro Jose M
- Brest Patrick
- Bringer Marie-Agnes
- Briones-Herrera Alfredo
- Broaddus V Courtney
- Brodersen Peter
- Brodsky Jeffrey L
- Brody Steven L
- Bronson Paola G
- Bronstein Jeff M
- Brown Carolyn N
- Brown Rhoderick E
- Brum Patricia C
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Bruno Daniele
- Bryson-Richardson Robert J
- Bucci Cecilia
- Buch Shilpa
- Buchan J Ross
- Buchrieser Carmen
- Buckingham Erin M
- Budak Hikmet
- Budini Mauricio
- Bueno Marta
- Buitrago-Molina Laura Elisa
- Bultynck Geert
- Burada Florin
- Buraschi Simone
- Burgoyne Joseph R
- Buron M Isabel
- Bustos Victor
- Buttner Sabrina
- Butturini Elena
- Byrd Aaron
- Cabas Isabel
- Cabrera-Benitez Sandra
- Cadwell Ken
- Cai Jingjing
- Cai Lu
- Cai Qian
- Cairo Montserrat
- Calbet Jose A
- Caldwell Guy A
- Caldwell Kim A
- Call Jarrod A
- Calvani Riccardo
- Calvo Ana C
- Camara Niels Os
- Camonis Jacques H
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campbell Edward M
- Campbell-Valois Francois-Xavier
- Campello Silvia
- Campesi Ilaria
- Campos Juliane C
- Camuzard Olivier
- Cancino Jorge
- Canesi Laura
- Caniggia Isabella
- Canonico Barbara
- Canti Carles
- Cao Bin
- Caraglia Michele
- Carames Beatriz
- Carchman Evie H
- Cardenal-Munoz Elena
- Cardenas Cesar
- Cardenas Luis
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carle Georges F
- Carleton Gillian
- Carloni Silvia
- Carmona-Gutierrez Didac
- Carneiro Leticia A
- Carnevali Oliana
- Carosi Julian M
- Carra Serena
- Carrier Alice
- Carrier Lucie
- Carroll Bernadette
- Carter A Brent
- Carvalho Andreia Neves
- Casanova Magali
- Casas Caty
- Casas Josefina
- Cassioli Chiara
- Castillo Eliseo F
- Castillo Karen
- Castillo-Lluva Sonia
- Castoldi Francesca
- Castori Marco
- Castro Ariel F
- Castro-Caldas Margarida
- Castro-Hernandez Javier
- Castro-Obregon Susana
- Catz Sergio D
- Cavadas Claudia
- Cavaliere Federica
- Cavallini Gabriella
- Cavinato Maria
- Cayuela Maria L
- Cecarini Valentina
- Cecconi Francesco
- Cechowska-Pasko Marzanna
- Cenci Simone
- Ceperuelo-Mallafre Victoria
- Cerqueira Joao J
- Cerutti Janete M
- Cervia Davide
- Cetintas Vildan Bozok
- Cetrullo Silvia
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chagin Andrei S
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chakrabarti Gopal
- Chakrabarti Oishee
- Chakraborty Tapas
- Chakraborty Trinad
- Chami Mounia
- Chamilos Georgios
- Chan David W
- Chan Edmond YW
- Chan Edward D
- Chan Helen H
- Chan Hung
- Chan HY Edwin
- Chan Matthew TV
- Chan Yau Sang
- Chandra Partha K
- Chang Chih-Peng
- Chang Chunmei
- Chang Hao-Chun
- Chang Kai
- Chao Jie
- Chapman Tracey
- Charlet-Berguerand Nicolas
- Chatterjee Samrat
- Chaube Shail K
- Chaudhary Anu
- Chauhan Santosh
- Chaum Edward
- Cheallaigh Cliona Ni
- Checler Frederic
- Cheetham Michael E
- Chen ChangShi
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Jian-Fu
- Chen Leilei
- Chen Liam L
- Chen Lin
- Chen Mingliang
- Chen MuKuan
- Chen Ning
- Chen Quan
- Chen Ruey-Hwa
- Chen Shi
- Chen Wei
- Chen Weiqiang
- Chen XinMing
- Chen Xiong-Wen
- Chen Xu
- Chen Yan
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yue-Qin
- Chen YuJen
- Chen Zhefan Stephen
- Chen Zhi
- Chen Zhi-Hua
- Chen Zhijian J
- Chen Zhixiang
- Chen Zhong
- Cheng Hanhua
- Cheng Jun
- Cheng Shi-Yuan
- Cheng Wei
- Cheng Xiaodong
- Cheng Xiu-Tang
- Cheng Yiyun
- Cheng Zhiyong
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jit Kong
- Chernyak Boris V
- Cherry Sara
- Cheung Chi Fai Randy
- Cheung Chun Hei Antonio
- Cheung King-Ho
- Chevet Eric
- Chi Richard J
- Chiang Alan Kwok Shing
- Chiaradonna Ferdinando
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiariello Mario
- Chica Nathalia
- Chiocca Susanna
- Chiong Mario
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chiramel Abhilash I
- Chiurchiu Valerio
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choe Seong-Kyu
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi Mary E
- Choudhury Kamalika Roy
- Chow Norman S
- Chu Charleen T
- Chua Jason P
- Chua John Jia En
- Chung Hyewon
- Chung Kin Pan
- Chung Seockhoon
- Chung So-Hyang
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- Cianfanelli Valentina
- Ciechomska Iwona A
- Cifuentes Mariana
- Cinque Laura
- Cirak Sebahattin
- Cirone Mara
- Clague Michael J
- Clarke Robert
- Clementi Emilio
- Coccia Eliana M
- Codogno Patrice
- Cohen Ehud
- Cohen Mickael M
- Colasanti Tania
- Colasuonno Fiorella
- Colbert Robert A
- Colell Anna
- Coll Nuria S
- Collins Mark O
- Colombo Maria I
- Colon-Ramos Daniel A
- Combaret Lydie
- Comincini Sergio
- Cominetti Marcia R
- Compagnoni Giacomo Monzio
- Consiglio Antonella
- Conte Andrea
- Conti Fabrizio
- Contu Viorica Raluca
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Kevin M
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corasaniti Maria Tiziana
- Cordes Nils
- Corkery Dale P
- Cortese Katia
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- Costantino Sarah
- Costelli Paola
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- Crack Peter J
- Crespo Jose L
- Criollo Alfredo
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- Cui Bing
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- Culetto Emmanuel
- Cumino Andrea C
- Cybulsky Andrey V
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- Czuczwar Stanislaw J
- D'Adamo Stefania
- D'Amelio Marcello
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- Dafsari Hormos Salimi
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- Dagdas Yasin
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- Dash Srikanta
- Daumke Oliver
- Dauphinee Adrian N
- Davies Jeffrey S
- Davila Valeria A
- Davis Roger J
- Davis Tanja
- de Almeida Danilo Candido
- de Almeida Luis Pereira
- De Amicis Francesca
- de Andrade Ramos Bruna Ribeiro
- De Bosscher Karolien
- De Felice Francesca
- De Franceschi Lucia
- De Leonibus Chiara
- de Mattos Barbosa Mayara G
- De Meyer Guido RY
- De Milito Angelo
- De Nunzio Cosimo
- de Oliveira Beltran Jackeline Soares
- De Palma Clara
- De Santi Mauro
- De Virgilio Claudio
- De Zio Daniela
- Debnath Jayanta
- DeBosch Brian J
- Decuypere JeanPaul
- Deehan Mark A
- Deflorian Gianluca
- DeGregori James
- Dehay Benjamin
- Del Rio Gabriel
- Delaney Joe R
- Delbridge Lea MD
- Delorme-Axford Elizabeth
- Delpino M Victoria
- Demarchi Francesca
- Dembitz Vilma
- Demers Nicholas D
- Deng Hongbin
- Deng Zhiqiang
- Dengjel Joern
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- DePamphilis Melvin L
- Der Channing J
- Deretic Vojo
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- Di Fonzo Alessio
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- Di Guglielmo Gianni M
- Di Leo Luca
- Di Malta Chiara
- Di Nardo Alessia
- Di Rienzo Martina
- Di Sano Federica
- Diallinas George
- Diao Jiajie
- Diaz-Araya Guillermo
- Diaz-Laviada Ines
- Dickinson Jared M
- Diederich Marc
- Dieude Melanie
- Dikic Ivan
- Ding Shiping
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Dini Luciana
- Dinic Miroslav
- Dinkova-Kostova Albena T
- Dionne Marc S
- Distler Jorg HW
- Diwan Abhinav
- Dixon Ian MC
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dobrinski Ina
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- Dou Huan
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- Duan Shao-Bin
- Duan Xiaoqiong
- Duarte Sonia P
- Dubrovska Anna
- Dunlop Elaine A
- Dupont Nicolas
- Duran Raul V
- Dwarakanath Bilikere S
- Dyshlovoy Sergey A
- Ebrahimi-Fakhari Darius
- Eckhart Leopold
- Edelstein Charles L
- Efferth Thomas
- Eftekharpour Eftekhar
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eid Nabil
- Eisenberg Tobias
- Eissa N Tony
- Eissa Sanaa
- Ejarque Miriam
- El Andaloussi Abdeljabar
- El-Hage Nazira
- El-Naggar Shahenda
- El-Shafey Eman S
- Eleuteri Anna Maria
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Eliopoulos Aristides G
- Elizalde Maria M
- Elks Philip M
- Elsasser Hans-Peter
- Elsherbiny Eslam S
- Emerling Brooke M
- Emre NC Tolga
- Emre Serap Dokmeci
- Eng Christina H
- Engedal Nikolai
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelsen Agnete ST
- Enserink Jorrit M
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- Fadeel Bengt
- Fader Claudio
- Faesen Alex C
- Fairlie W Douglas
- Falco Alberto
- Falkenburger Bjorn H
- Fan Daping
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- Fang Evandro F
- Fang Yanshan
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- Fanto Manolis
- Farfel-Becker Tamar
- Faure Mathias
- Fazeli Gholamreza
- Fedele Anthony O
- Feldman Arthur M
- Feng Du
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- Fernie Alisdair R
- Ferrante Anthony W Jr
- Ferraresi Alessandra
- Ferrari Merari F
- Ferreira Julio CB
- Ferro-Novick Susan
- Figueras Antonio
- Filadi Riccardo
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- FilippiChiela Eduardo
- Filomeni Giuseppe
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- Fineschi Vittorio
- Finetti Francesca
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- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flamigni Flavio
- Fliesler Steven J
- Flo Trude H
- Florance Ida
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- Florio Tullio
- Fodor Erika
- Follo Carlo
- Fon Edward A
- Forlino Antonella
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortini Paola
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- Fraldi Alessandro
- Franco Brunella
- Franco Rodrigo
- Franconi Flavia
- Frankel Lisa B
- Friedman Scott L
- Frohlich Leopold F
- Fruhbeck Gema
- Fuentes Jose M
- Fujiki Yukio
- Fujita Naonobu
- Fujiwara Yuuki
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Fulda Simone
- Furic Luc
- Furuya Norihiko
- Fusco Carmela
- Gack Michaela U
- Gaffke Lidia
- Galadari Sehamuddin
- Galasso Alessia
- Galindo Maria F
- Galluzzi Lorenzo
- Galy Vincent
- Gammoh Noor
- Gan Boyi
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Feng
- Gao Hui
- Gao Minghui
- Gao Ping
- Gao Shou-Jiang
- Gao Wentao
- Gao Xiaobo
- Garcera Ana
- Garcia Maria Noe
- Garcia Veronica E
- Garcia-Del Portillo Francisco
- Garcia-Escudero Vega
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- Garcia-Moreno Diana
- Garcia-Ruiz Carmen
- Garcia-Sanz Patricia
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- Garg Abhishek D
- Gargini Ricardo
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- Gassen Nils C
- Gatica Damian
- Ge Liang
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- Gentle Ian E
- Gerbino Valeria
- Gerhardt Christoph
- Germain Kyla
- Germain Marc
- Gewirtz David A
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- Ghigo Alessandra
- Ghosh Manosij
- Giamas Georgios
- Giampietri Claudia
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra
- Gibson Gary E
- Gibson Spencer B
- Ginet Vanessa
- Giniger Edward
- Giorgi Carlotta
- Girao Henrique
- Girardin Stephen E
- Giridharan Mridhula
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- Gomez-Puerto Maria Catalina
- Gomez-Sanchez Ruben
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- Gonzalez-Polo Rosa A
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- Goping Ing Swie
- Gorbatyuk Marina S
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorojod Roxana M
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- Goruppi Sandro
- Gotor Cecilia
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- Gozes Illana
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- Granatiero Veronica
- Grasso Daniel
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- Gregory Stephen L
- Griffin Edward F
- Grinstaff Mark W
- Gros Frederic
- Grose Charles
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- Gruber Florian
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- Guda Kishore
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- Gunst Jan
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- Guntur Anyonya R
- Guo Chuanyong
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- Guo Ming
- Gupta Pawan
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- Gupta Swapnil
- Gupta Veer Bala
- Gupta Vivek
- Gustafsson Asa B
- Gutterman David D
- Haapasalo Annakaisa
- Haber James E
- Hadano Shinji
- Hafren Anders J
- Haidar Mansour
- Hall Belinda S
- Hallden Gunnel
- Hamacher-Brady Anne
- Hamann Andrea
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Weidong
- Hansen Malene
- Hanson Phyllis I
- Hao Zijian
- Harada Masaru
- Harhaji-Trajkovic Ljubica
- Hariharan Nirmala
- Haroon Nigil
- Harris James
- Hasegawa Takafumi
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Haucke Volker
- Hawkins Wayne D
- Hay Bruce A
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- Zhang Zhiyong
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- Zhao Lei
- Zhao Shuang
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- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Yongchao
- Zhao Yongliang
- Zhao Yuting
- Zheng Guoping
- Zheng Kai
- Zheng Ling
- Zheng Shizhong
- Zheng Xi-Long
- Zheng Yi
- Zheng Zu-Guo
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Ao
- Zhou Ben
- Zhou Cefan
- Zhou Gang
- Zhou Hao
- Zhou Hong
- Zhou Hongbo
- Zhou Jie
- Zhou Jing
- Zhou Jing
- Zhou Jiyong
- Zhou Kailiang
- Zhou Rongjia
- Zhou Xu-Jie
- Zhou Yanshuang
- Zhou Yinghong
- Zhou Yubin
- Zhou Zheng-Yu
- Zhou Zhou
- Zhu Binglin
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Guo-Qing
- Zhu Haining
- Zhu Hongxin
- Zhu Hua
- Zhu WeiGuo
- Zhu Yanping
- Zhu Yushan
- Zhuang Haixia
- Zhuang Xiaohong
- Zientara-Rytter Katarzyna
- Zimmermann Christine M
- Ziviani Elena
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorov Dmitry B
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zou Weiping
- Zou Zhen
- Zou Zhengzhi
- Zuryn Steven
- Zwerschke Werner
- Publication venue
- 'Informa UK Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2021
- Field of study
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
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- Suzuki Toshihiko
- Swanson Michele S.
- Swanton Charles
- Sweeney Sean T.
- Sy Lai-King
- Szabadkai György
- Sánchez-Alcázar José A.
- Sánchez-Prieto Ricardo
- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
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- Takács-Vellai Krisztina
- Talbot Nicholas J.
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- Tavernarakis Nektarios
- Taylor Graham S.
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- Terada Lance S.
- Terman Alexei
- Tettamanti Gianluca
- Thevissen Karin
- Thompson Craig B.
- Thorburn Andrew
- Thumm Michael
- Tian FengFeng
- Tian Yuan
- Tocchini-Valentini Glauco
- Tolkovsky Aviva M.
- Tomino Yasuhiko
- Tooze Sharon A.
- Tournier Cathy
- Tower John
- Towns Roberto
- Trajkovic Vladimir
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- Tsung Allan
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- Tönges Lars
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- Valente Enza Maria
- Van den Berghe Greet
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- van Dyk Linda F.
- van Egmond Marjolein
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- Vila Miquel
- Vindis Cécile
- Viola Giampietro
- Viscomi Maria Teresa
- Voitsekhovskaja Olga V.
- von Haefen Clarissa
- Votruba Marcela
- Wada Keiji
- Wade-Martins Richard
- Walker Cheryl L.
- Walsh Craig M.
- Walter Jochen
- Wan Xiang-Bo
- Wang Aimin
- Wang Chenguang
- Wang Dawei
- Wang Fan
- Wang Guanghui
- Wang Haichao
- Wang Hong-Gang
- Wang Horng-Dar
- Wang Jin
- Wang Ke
- Wang Mei
- Wang Richard C.
- Wang Xinglong
- Wang Xiujie J.
- Wang Ying-Jan
- Wang Yipeng
- Wang Zhen-Bo
- Wang Zhigang Charles
- Wang Zhinong
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- Ward Diane M.
- Watada Hirotaka
- Waters Sarah L.
- Webster Paul
- Wei Lixin
- Weihl Conrad C.
- Weiss William A
- Welford Scott M.
- Wen Long-Ping
- Whitehouse Caroline A.
- Whitton J. Lindsay
- Whitworth Alexander J.
- Wileman Tom
- Wiley John W.
- Wilkinson Simon
- Willbold Dieter
- Williams Roger L.
- Williamson Peter R.
- Wouters Bradly G.
- Wu Chenghan
- Wu Dao-Cheng
- Wu William K.K.
- Wyttenbach Andreas
- Xavier Ramnik J.
- Xi Zhijun
- Xia Pu
- Xiao Gengfu
- Xie Zhiping
- Xie Zhonglin
- Xu Da-zhi
- Xu Jianzhen
- Xu Liang
- Xu Xiaolei
- Yamamoto Ai
- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun-Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin-Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng-Chao
- Yao Tso-Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei-Lien
- Yin Jia-jing
- Yin Xiao-Ming
- Yoo Ook-Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung-Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong-Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi-Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol-Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh III Herbert J.
- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C.
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T.
- Acevedo-Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre-Ghiso Julio A.
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait-Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait-Si-Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al-Younes Hesham M.
- Al-Zeer Munir A.
- Albert Matthew L.
- Albin Roger L.
- Alegre-Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte-Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi K.
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O.
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu-Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K.
- Anoopkumar-Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P.
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y.O.
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K.
- Baehrecke Eric H.
- Bahr Ben A.
- Bai Xue-Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A.
- Bampton Edward T.W.
- Bartholomew Clinton R.
- Bassham Diane C.
- Bast Robert C.
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon-Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J.
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J.
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro Sébastien
- Bhatia-Kiššová Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard-Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S.
- Boise Lawrence H.
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C.
- Bortoluci Karina R.
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Frédéric
- Bourquin Jean-Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer-Guittaut Michaël
- Bozhkov Peter V.
- Brady Nathan R
- Brancolini Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E.
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H.
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L.
- Brookes Paul S.
- Brown Eric J.
- Brumell John H.
- Brunetti-Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T.
- Bulman Dennis E.
- Bultman Scott J.
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F.
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P.
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P.
- Béchet Daniel M.
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahová Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo-Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos-Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B.
- Carding Simon R.
- Cardoso Sandra M.
- Carew Jennifer S.
- Carlin Cathleen R.
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A.M.
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A.
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han-Jung
- Chai Chee-Yin
- Chan David C.
- Chan Edmond Y.
- Chang Raymond Chuen-Chung
- Che Chi-Ming
- Chen Ching-Chow
- Chen Guang-Chao
- Chen Guo-Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S.-L.
- Chen WenLi
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye-Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu-Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H.K.
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae-Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess-Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H.
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui-Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih-Shen
- Chiou Shih-Hwa
- Chisari Francis V.
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong-Hyung
- Choi Augustine MK
- Choi DooSeok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E.
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung-Hsien
- Chueh Sheau-Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong-Joon
- Chye Mee-Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R.
- Clague Michael J.
- Clark Robert S.B.
- Clarke Peter G.H.
- Clarke Robert B
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A.
- Colombo María I.
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R.
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto-Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P.
- Cregg James M.
- Crespo José L.
- Cronjé Marianne J.
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J.
- Czaja Mark J.
- D'Amelio Marcello
- Darfeuille-Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M.
- Davies Faith E.
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F.
- de Haan Cornelis A.M.
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M.D.
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel Jörn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D.
- Devenish Rodney J.
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz-Meco Maria T.
- Diaz-Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh-Kumar Savithramma P.
- Ding Wen-Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W.
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri-Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C.
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J.
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marlène
- Drew Mark E.
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen E.
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Díaz-Araya Guillermo
- Díaz-Laviada Inés
- Edelstein Charles L.
- Edinger Aimee L.
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El-Deiry Wafik S.
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M.
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna-Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi-Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farre Jean-Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G.
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo-Pereira Maria E.
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C.
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D.
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A.
- Fisher Paul B.
- Flajolet Marc
- Flores Juan B. Kouri
- Florez-McClure Maria L.
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H.
- Fox Howard S.
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B.
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes José M.
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H.
- Fésüs László
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G.
- Gao Fen-Biao
- Gao George F.
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Lorena
- Garcia-Manero Guillermo
- Garcia-Marcos Mikel
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L.
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R.
- Gegg Matthew E.
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E.
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M.
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N.
- Gibson Spencer B.
- Gilkerson Robert W.
- Ginger Michael L.
- Ginsberg Henry N.
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S.
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora Céline
- Gonzalez Claudio D.
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gonzalez-Rey Elena
- González-Estévez Cristina
- González-Polo Rosa Ana
- Gorbunov Nikolai V.
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D.
- Green Kim N.
- Gregorc Ales
- Gros Frédéric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W.
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun-Lin
- Guan Kun-Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M.
- Gukovskaya Anna S.
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Åsa B.
- Halayko Andrew J.
- Hale Amber N.
- Halonen Sandra K.
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K.
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E.
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L.
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D.
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A.
- Hayashi Shin-ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A.
- He Congcong
- He You-Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A.
- Helfrich Miep H.
- Helgason Gudmundur V.
- Henske Elizabeth P.
- Herman Brian
- Herman Paul K.
- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J.
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G.
- Holyoake Tessa L.
- Hong Ming-Huang
- Hood David A.
- Hotamisligil Gökhan S.
- Houwerzijl Ewout J.
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien-an A.
- Hu Hong-Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei-Pang
- Huber Tobias B.
- Huh Won-Ki
- Hung Tai-Ho
- Hupp Ted R.
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B.
- Hussain Sabah N.A.
- Hussey Patrick J.
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Hébert Marie-Josée
- Höhfeld Jörg
- Høyer-Hansen Maria
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L.
- Ip Nancy Y.
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken-ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- Jaakkola Panu M.
- Jackson George R.
- Jackson William T.
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju-Hong
- Jeung Eui-Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X.
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiménez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan V.
- Joe Cheol O.
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E.
- Johnson Gail V.W.
- Jones Nicola L.
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K.
- Joubert Annie M.
- Juhász Gábor
- Juillerat-Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong-Keun
- Jäättelä Marja
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O.
- Kampinga Harm H.
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon-A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
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- Kanthasamy Anumantha G.
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- Lok Chun-Nam
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- Luciano Fréderic
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- Malicdan May Christine V.
- Malorni Walter
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- Mandelkow Eva-Maria
- Manon Stephen
- Manov Irena
- Mao Kai
- Mao Xiang
- Mao Zixu
- Marambaud Philippe
- Marazziti Daniela
- Marcel Yves L.
- Marchbank Katie
- Marchetti Piero
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- Marcondes Mateus
- Mardi Mohsen
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- Mariño Guillermo
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- Matarrese Paola
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- Miracco Clelia
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- Mitroulis Ioannis
- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
- Mograbi Baharia
- Mohseni Simin
- Molero Xavier
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- Mollinedo Faustino
- Momoi Takashi
- Monastyrska Iryna
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- Moreira Paula I.
- Moriyasu Yuji
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- Motyl Tomasz
- Moussa Charbel E.-H.
- Muller Sylviane
- Murphy Leon O.
- Murphy Maureen E.
- Musarò Antonio
- Mysorekar Indira
- Müller Sylke
- Münger Karl
- Münz Christian
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- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
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- Zeitlin Scott O.
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui-Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing-Pu
- Zhang Jue
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming-Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi-Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J.
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong-Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei-Guo
- Zhu Xiao-Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei-Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke Jürgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/04/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- Author
- Abdalla Fabio C
- Abeliovich Hagai
- Abraham Robert T
- Acevedo Arozena Abraham
- Adeli Khosrow
- Agholme Lotta
- Agnello Maria
- Agostinis Patrizia
- Aguirre Ghiso Julio A
- Ahn Hyung Jun
- Ait Mohamed Ouardia
- Ait Si Ali Slimane
- Akematsu Takahiko
- Akira Shizuo
- Al Younes Hesham M
- Al Zeer Munir A
- Albert Matthew L
- Albin Roger L
- Alegre Abarrategui Javier
- Aleo Maria Francesca
- Alirezaei Mehrdad
- Almasan Alexandru
- Almonte Becerril Maylin
- Amano Atsuo
- Amaravadi Ravi
- Amarnath Shoba
- Amer Amal O
- Anantharam Vellareddy
- Andrieu Abadie Nathalie
- Ann David K
- Anoopkumar Dukie Shailendra
- Aoki Hiroshi
- Apostolova Nadezda
- Arancia Giuseppe
- Aris John P
- Asanuma Katsuhiko
- Asare Nana Y. O
- Ashida Hisashi
- Askanas Valerie
- Askew David S
- Auberger Patrick
- B\ue1nhegyi G\ue1bor
- B\ue9chet Daniel M
- Baba Misuzu
- Backues Steven K
- Baehrecke Eric H
- Bahr Ben A
- Bai Xue Yuan
- Bailly Yannick
- Baiocchi Robert
- Baldini Giulia
- Balduini Walter
- Ballabio Andrea
- Bamber Bruce A
- Bampton Edward T. W
- Bartholomew Clinton R
- Bassham Diane C
- Bast Robert C
- Batoko Henri
- Bay Boon Huat
- Beau Isabelle
- Begley Thomas J
- Behl Christian
- Behrends Christian
- Bekri Soumeya
- Bellaire Bryan
- Bendall Linda J
- Benetti Luca
- Berliocchi Laura
- Bernardi Henri
- Bernassola Francesca
- Besteiro S\ue9bastien
- Bhatia Kissova Ingrid
- Bi Xiaoning
- Biard Piechaczyk Martine
- Blum Janice S
- Boise Lawrence H
- Bonaldo Paolo
- Boone David L
- Bornhauser Beat C
- Bortoluci Karina R
- Bossis Ioannis
- Bost Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Bourquin Jean Pierre
- Boya Patricia
- Boyer Guittaut Micha\uebl
- Bozhkov Peter V
- Brady Nathan R
- BRANCOLINI Claudio
- Brech Andreas
- Brenman Jay E
- Brennand Ana
- Bresnick Emery H
- Brest Patrick
- Bridges Dave
- Bristol Molly L
- Brookes Paul S
- Brown Eric J
- Brumell John H
- Brunetti Pierri Nicola
- Brunk Ulf T
- Bulman Dennis E
- Bultman Scott J
- Bultynck Geert
- Burbulla Lena F
- Bursch Wilfried
- Butchar Jonathan P
- Buzgariu Wanda
- Bydlowski Sergio P
- Cadwell Ken
- Cahov\ue1 Monika
- Cai Dongsheng
- Cai Jiyang
- Cai Qian
- Calabretta Bruno
- Calvo Garrido Javier
- Camougrand Nadine
- Campanella Michelangelo
- Campos Salinas Jenny
- Candi Eleonora
- Cao Lizhi
- Caplan Allan B
- Carding Simon R
- Cardoso Sandra M
- Carew Jennifer S
- Carlin Cathleen R
- Carmignac Virginie
- Carneiro Leticia A. M
- Carra Serena
- Caruso Rosario A
- Casari Giorgio
- Casas Caty
- Castino Roberta
- Cebollero Eduardo
- Cecconi Francesco
- Celli Jean
- Chaachouay Hassan
- Chae Han Jung
- Chai Chee Yin
- Chan David C
- Chan Edmond Y
- Chang Raymond Chuen Chung
- Che Chi Ming
- Chen Ching Chow
- Chen Guang Chao
- Chen Guo Qiang
- Chen Min
- Chen Quan
- Chen Steve S. L
- Chen Wenli
- Chen Xi
- Chen Xiangmei
- Chen Xiequn
- Chen Ye Guang
- Chen Yingyu
- Chen Yongqiang
- Chen Yu Jen
- Chen Zhixiang
- Cheng Alan
- Cheng Christopher H. K
- Cheng Yan
- Cheong Heesun
- Cheong Jae Ho
- Cherry Sara
- Chess Williams Russ
- Cheung Zelda H
- Chevet Eric
- Chiang Hui Ling
- Chiarelli Roberto
- Chiba Tomoki
- Chin Lih Shen
- Chiou Shih Hwa
- Chisari Francis V
- Cho Chi Hin
- Cho Dong Hyung
- Choi Augustine M. K
- Choi Dooseok
- Choi Kyeong Sook
- Choi Mary E
- Chouaib Salem
- Choubey Divaker
- Choubey Vinay
- Chu Charleen T
- Chuang Tsung Hsien
- Chueh Sheau Huei
- Chun Taehoon
- Chwae Yong Joon
- Chye Mee Len
- Ciarcia Roberto
- Ciriolo Maria R
- Clague Michael J
- Clark Robert S. B
- Clarke Peter G. H
- Clarke Robert
- Codogno Patrice
- Coller Hilary A
- Colombo Mar\ueda I
- Comincini Sergio
- Condello Maria
- Condorelli Fabrizio
- Cookson Mark R
- Coombs Graham H
- Coppens Isabelle
- Corbalan Ramon
- Cossart Pascale
- Costelli Paola
- Costes Safia
- Coto Montes Ana
- Couve Eduardo
- Coxon Fraser P
- Cregg James M
- Crespo Jos\ue9 L
- Cronj\ue9 Marianne J
- Cuervo Ana Maria
- Cullen Joseph J
- Czaja Mark J
- D'Amelio Marcello
- D\uedaz Araya Guillermo
- D\uedaz Laviada In\ue9s
- Darfeuille Michaud Arlette
- Davids Lester M
- Davies Faith E
- De Felici Massimo
- de Groot John F
- de Haan Cornelis A. M
- De Martino Luisa
- De Milito Angelo
- De Tata Vincenzo
- Debnath Jayanta
- Degterev Alexei
- Dehay Benjamin
- Delbridge Lea M. D
- Demarchi Francesca
- Deng Yi Zhen
- Dengjel J\uf6rn
- Dent Paul
- Denton Donna
- Deretic Vojo
- Desai Shyamal D
- Devenish Rodney J
- Di Gioacchino Mario
- Di Paolo Gilbert
- Di Pietro Chiara
- Diaz Meco Maria T
- Diaz Nido Javier
- Dikic Ivan
- Dinesh Kumar Savithramma P
- Ding Wen Xing
- Distelhorst Clark W
- Diwan Abhinav
- Djavaheri Mergny Mojgan
- Dokudovskaya Svetlana
- Dong Zheng
- Dorsey Frank C
- Dosenko Victor
- Dowling James J
- Doxsey Stephen
- Dreux Marl\ue8ne
- Drew Mark E
- Duan Qiuhong
- Duchosal Michel A
- Duff Karen
- Dugail Isabelle
- Durbeej Madeleine
- Duszenko Michael
- Edelstein Charles L
- Edinger Aimee L
- Egea Gustavo
- Eichinger Ludwig
- Eissa N. Tony
- Ekmekcioglu Suhendan
- El Deiry Wafik S
- Elazar Zvulun
- Elgendy Mohamed
- Ellerby Lisa M
- Eng Kai Er
- Engelbrecht Anna Mart
- Engelender Simone
- Erenpreisa Jekaterina
- Escalante Ricardo
- Esclatine Audrey
- Eskelinen Eeva Liisa
- Espert Lucile
- Espina Virginia
- F\ue9s\ufcs L\ue1szl\uf3
- Fan Huizhou
- Fan Jia
- Fan Qi Wen
- Fan Zhen
- Fang Shengyun
- Fang Yongqi
- Fanto Manolis
- Fanzani Alessandro
- Farkas Thomas
- Farr\ue9 Jean Claude
- Faure Mathias
- Fechheimer Marcus
- Feng Carl G
- Feng Jian
- Feng Qili
- Feng Youji
- Feuer Ralph
- Figueiredo Pereira Maria E
- Fimia Gian Maria
- Fingar Diane C
- Finkbeiner Steven
- Finkel Toren
- Finley Kim D
- Fiorito Filomena
- Fisher Edward A
- Fisher Paul B
- Flajolet Marc
- Florez McClure Maria L
- Florio Salvatore
- Fon Edward A
- Fornai Francesco
- Fortunato Franco
- Fotedar Rati
- Fowler Daniel H
- Fox Howard S
- Franco Rodrigo
- Frankel Lisa B
- Fransen Marc
- Fuentes Jos\ue9 M
- Fueyo Juan
- Fujii Jun
- Fujisaki Kozo
- Fujita Eriko
- Fukuda Mitsunori
- Furukawa Ruth H
- Gaestel Matthias
- Gailly Philippe
- Gajewska Malgorzata
- Galliot Brigitte
- Galy Vincent
- Ganesh Subramaniam
- Ganetzky Barry
- Ganley Ian G
- Gao Fen Biao
- Gao George F
- Gao Jinming
- Garcia Manero Guillermo
- Garcia Marcos Mikel
- Garcia Lorena
- Garmyn Marjan
- Gartel Andrei L
- Gatti Evelina
- Gautel Mathias
- Gawriluk Thomas R
- Gegg Matthew E
- Geng Jiefei
- Germain Marc
- Gestwicki Jason E
- Gewirtz David A
- Ghavami Saeid
- Ghosh Pradipta
- Giammarioli Anna M
- Giatromanolaki Alexandra N
- Gibson Spencer B
- Gilkerson Robert W
- Ginger Michael L
- Ginsberg Henry N
- Golab Jakub
- Goligorsky Michael S
- Golstein Pierre
- Gomez Manzano Candelaria
- Goncu Ebru
- Gongora C\ue9line
- Gonz\ue1lez Est\ue9vez Cristina
- Gonz\ue1lez Polo Rosa Ana
- Gonzalez Rey Elena
- Gonzalez Claudio D
- Gonzalez Ramon
- Gorbunov Nikolai V
- Gorski Sharon
- Goruppi Sandro
- Gottlieb Roberta A
- Gozuacik Devrim
- Granato Giovanna Elvira
- Grant Gary D
- Green Kim N
- Gregorc Ale\u161
- Gros Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
- Grose Charles
- Grunt Thomas W
- Gual Philippe
- Guan Jun Lin
- Guan Kun Liang
- Guichard Sylvie M
- Gukovskaya Anna S
- Gukovsky Ilya
- Gunst Jan
- Gustafsson Asa B
- H\ue9bert Marie Jose\ue9
- H\uf6hfeld J\uf6rg
- H\uf8yer Hansen Maria
- Halayko Andrew J
- Hale Amber N
- Halonen Sandra K
- Hamasaki Maho
- Han Feng
- Han Ting
- Hancock Michael K
- Hansen Malene
- Harada Hisashi
- Harada Masaru
- Hardt Stefan E
- Harper J. Wade
- Harris Adrian L
- Harris James
- Harris Steven D
- Hashimoto Makoto
- Haspel Jeffrey A
- Hayashi Shin ichiro
- Hazelhurst Lori A
- He Congcong
- He You Wen
- Heidenreich Kim A
- Helfrich Miep H
- Helgason Gudmundur V
- Henske Elizabeth P
- Herman Brian
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- Hetz Claudio
- Hilfiker Sabine
- Hill Joseph A
- Hocking Lynne J
- Hofman Paul
- Hofmann Thomas G
- Holyoake Tessa L
- Hong Ming Huang
- Hood David A
- Hotamisligil G\uf6khan S
- Houwerzijl Ewout J
- Hu Bingren
- Hu Chien An A
- Hu Hong Ming
- Hua Ya
- Huang Canhua
- Huang Ju
- Huang Shengbing
- Huang Wei Pang
- Huber Tobias B
- Huh Won Ki
- Hung Tai Ho
- Hupp Ted R
- Hur Gang Min
- Hurley James B
- Hussain Sabah N. A
- Hussey Patrick J
- Hwang Jung Jin
- Hwang Seungmin
- Ichihara Atsuhiro
- Ilkhanizadeh Shirin
- Inoki Ken
- Into Takeshi
- Iovane Valentina
- Iovanna Juan L
- Ip Nancy Y
- Isaka Yoshitaka
- Ishida Hiroyuki
- Isidoro Ciro
- Isobe Ken ichi
- Iwasaki Akiko
- Izquierdo Marta
- Izumi Yotaro
- J\ue4\ue4ttel\ue4 Marja
- Jaakkola Panu M
- Jackson George R
- Jackson William T
- Janji Bassam
- Jendrach Marina
- Jeon Ju Hong
- Jeung Eui Bae
- Jiang Hong
- Jiang Hongchi
- Jiang Jean X
- Jiang Ming
- Jiang Qing
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jiang Xuejun
- Jim\ue9nez Alberto
- Jin Meiyan
- Jin Shengkan
- Joe Cheol O
- Johansen Terje
- Johnson Daniel E
- Johnson Gail V. W
- Jones Nicola L
- Joseph Bertrand
- Joseph Suresh K
- Joubert Annie M
- Juh\ue1sz G\ue1bor
- Juillerat Jeanneret Lucienne
- Jung Chang Hwa
- Jung Yong Keun
- Kaarniranta Kai
- Kaasik Allen
- Kabuta Tomohiro
- Kadowaki Motoni
- Kagedal Katarina
- Kamada Yoshiaki
- Kaminskyy Vitaliy O
- Kampinga Harm H
- Kanamori Hiromitsu
- Kang Chanhee
- Kang Khong Bee
- Kang Kwang Il
- Kang Rui
- Kang Yoon A
- Kanki Tomotake
- Kanneganti Thirumala Devi
- Kanno Haruo
- Kanthasamy Anumantha G
- Kanthasamy Arthi
- Karantza Vassiliki
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- Kiel Jan A. K. W
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- Kim Deok Ryong
- Kim Do Hyung
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- Kim Eun Kyoung
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- Kim Jae Sung
- Kim Jeong Hun
- Kim Jin Cheon
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- Kominami Eiki
- Kong Hee Jeong
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- Kotake Yaichiro
- Koukourakis Michael I
- Kouri Flores Juan B
- Kov\ue1cs Attila L
- Kr\ue4mer Helmut
- Kr\ufcger Rejko
- Kraft Claudine
- Krainc Dimitri
- Kretz Remy Carole
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- Kroemer Guido
- Krut Oleg
- Ktistakis Nicholas T
- Kuan Chia Yi
- Kucharczyk Roza
- Kumar Ashok
- Kumar Raj
- Kumar Sharad
- Kundu Mondira
- Kung Hsing Jien
- Kurz Tino
- Kwon Ho Jeong
- L\u151w Peter
- L\ue1szl\uf3 Lajos
- L\uf3pez Ot\uedn Carlos
- La Spada Albert R
- Lafont Frank
- Lamark Trond
- Landry Jacques
- Lane Jon D
- Lapaquette Pierre
- Laporte Jocelyn F
- Lavandero Sergio
- Lavoie Jos\ue9e N
- Layfield Robert
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- Le Cam Laurent
- Le Weidong
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- Lee Byung Wan
- Lee Gyun Min
- Lee Jongdae
- Lee Ju Hyun
- Lee Michael
- Lee Myung Shik
- Lee Sug Hyung
- Leeuwenburgh Christiaan
- Legembre Patrick
- Legouis Renaud
- Lehmann Michael
- Lei Huan Yao
- Lei Qun Ying
- Leib David A
- Leiro Jos\ue9
- Lemasters John J
- Lemoine Antoinette
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- Lev Dina
- Levenson Victor V
- Levine Beth
- Levy Efrat
- Li Faqiang
- Li Jun Lin
- Li Lian
- Li Sheng
- Li Weijie
- Li Xue Jun
- Li Yan bo
- Li Yi Ping
- Liang Chengyu
- Liang Qiangrong
- Liao Yung Feng
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- Lieberman Andrew
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- Lopez Berestein Gabriel
- Lossi Laura
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- Lu Binfeng
- Lu Bingwei
- Lu Bo
- Lu Zhen
- Luciano Fr\ue9d\ue9ric
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- Manon St\ue9phen
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- Miyazawa Keisuke
- Mizushima Noboru
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- Muller Sylviane
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- Nagata Kazuhiro
- Nahimana Aimable
- Nair Usha
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- Pan Tianhong
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- Pr\ue6torius Ibba Mette
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- Przyklenk Karin
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- Sun Jiaren
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- Tabas Ira
- Taegtmeyer Heinrich
- Tafani Marco
- Tak\ue1cs Vellai Krisztina
- Takano Yoshitaka
- Takegawa Kaoru
- Takemura Genzou
- Takeshita Fumihiko
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- Tanaka Keiji
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- Yamamoto Akitsugu
- Yamashina Shunhei
- Yamashita Michiaki
- Yan Xianghua
- Yanagida Mitsuhiro
- Yang Dun Sheng
- Yang Elizabeth
- Yang Jin Ming
- Yang Shi Yu
- Yang Wannian
- Yang Wei Yuan
- Yang Zhifen
- Yao Meng Chao
- Yao Tso Pang
- Yeganeh Behzad
- Yen Wei Lien
- Yin Jia jing
- Yin Xiao Ming
- Yoo Ook Joon
- Yoon Gyesoon
- Yoon Seung Yong
- Yorimitsu Tomohiro
- Yoshikawa Yuko
- Yoshimori Tamotsu
- Yoshimoto Kohki
- You Ho Jin
- Youle Richard J
- Younes Anas
- Yu Li
- Yu Long
- Yu Seong Woon
- Yu Wai Haung
- Yuan Zhi Min
- Yue Zhenyu
- Yun Cheol Heui
- Yuzaki Michisuke
- Zabirnyk Olga
- Zacks David
- Zacksenhaus Eldad
- Zaffaroni Nadia
- Zakeri Zahra
- Zeh Herbert J
- Zeitlin Scott O
- Zhang Hong
- Zhang Hui Ling
- Zhang Jianhua
- Zhang Jing Pu
- Zhang Lin
- Zhang Long
- Zhang Ming Yong
- Zhang Xu Dong
- Zhao Mantong
- Zhao Yi Fang
- Zhao Ying
- Zhao Zhizhuang J
- Zheng Xiaoxiang
- Zhivotovsky Boris
- Zhong Qing
- Zhou Cong Zhao
- Zhu Changlian
- Zhu Wei Guo
- Zhu Xiao Feng
- Zhu Xiongwei
- Zhu Yuangang
- Zoladek Teresa
- Zong Wei Xing
- Zorzano Antonio
- Zschocke J\ufcrgen
- Zuckerbraun Brian
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2012
- Field of study
In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field