Gastric cancer in Iceland

To access publisher full text version of this article. Please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links fieldWithout Abstrac

Ungt fólk til áhrifa! - Hvað fær ungt fólk til þess að kjósa?

Meginmarkmið skýrslunnar var að leita svara við spurningunni; „Hvað fær ungt fólk til að kjósa?“. Í skýrslunni er farið yfir helstu atriði sem komið hafa fram í fræðum er varða þetta málefni. Einnig er fjallað um framkvæmd og niðurstöður rýnihóparannsóknar og viðtala við fulltrúa stjórnmálaflokka. Ungmenni í rýnihóparannsókn kölluðu eftir aukinni stjórnmála- og lýðræðisfræðslu í skólum svo að auðveldara sé að fóta sig fyrir kosningar. Þau töldu mikilvægt að hafa öðlast þekkingu áður en til þess kæmi að flokkar reyndu að veiða sér atkvæði þeirra í kosningabaráttu. Þátttakendum fannst aðgengi að upplýsingum um stjórnmál, stefnur og fundi ábótavant. Þau bentu meðal annars á að síða Alþingis væri fráhrindandi, þá sérstaklega fyrir ungt fólk sem liti þangað inn sökum forvitni. Fulltrúar flokkanna höfðu áhyggjur af vantrausti ungmenna í garð stjórnmála. Vildu fulltrúar meina að slíkt vantraust fældi frá nýja kjósendur. Helstu niðurstöður skýrslunnar benda til þess að mikil þörf sé á aukinni lýðræðisfræðslu og auknu aðgengi ungs fólks að stjórnmálum.Rannís - Nýsköpunarsjóður námsmanna og Reykjavíkurborg

Carbon and water balance of an afforested shallow drained peatland in Iceland

Funding Information: This research was supported by the Energy Research fund of Landsvirkjun, the National Power Company of Iceland, with an additional support from the Iceland State Electricity. It also contributes to the Nordic CAR-ES project ( C entre of A dvanced R esearch on E nvironmental S ervices from Nordic Forest Ecosystems) and to the SNS 120 program (Nordic Forest Research on Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from organic forest soils: improved inventories and implications for sustainable management). Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s)Drainage of peatlands increases the depth of the oxic peat layer and can turn them into a carbon (C) source to the atmosphere. Afforestation of drained peatlands could help to reverse this process since the trees may enhance C sequestration. We followed the C and water dynamics of an afforested drained peatland in S-Iceland during a 2 year period, during which the Black Cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) plantation was 23–25 year old. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured with the eddy covariance method and C pools of trees and ground vegetation were measured using the stock change method. Lateral losses of dissolved and particulated organic C (DOC, POC) were estimated from weekly water-runoff samples. Unexpectedly, the afforested drained peatland was a strong sink of carbon during the two years, with an average NEE value of 714 g C m−2 yr−1. Only 0.5% of the total NEE was lost through lateral DOC and POC transport, leaving 710 g C m−2 yr−1 as the total net ecosystem production (NEP). Ca. 91% of the observed NEP could be explained by the annual biomass increment of the Black Cottonwood trees and 1.3% by the ground vegetation. This means that the remaining 7.5% of the total NEP most likely accumulated in peat soil and litter, contributing to the soil C stocks. The dormant-season CO2 emissions were unexpectedly low, which was explained by a high groundwater level at this drained site outside the ca. 5 months of the active growing season. On average, 66% of the annual measured precipitation was estimated to have evaporated back to the atmosphere. This left 416 mm for potential runoff, which was somewhat lower value than the measured runoff (662 mm). These results indicate that during the age span of ca. 20–25 years, afforestation was a valid method to reverse the expected negative C-balance of this drained grassland pasture in Iceland. Although the site is currently a soil C sink, simulation studies with process models are needed to test whether such sites could remain C sinks when managed for forestry over several tree-stand rotations.Drainage of peatlands increases the depth of the oxic peat layer and can turn them into a carbon (C) source to the atmosphere. Afforestation of drained peatlands could help to reverse this process since the trees may enhance C sequestration. We followed the C and water dynamics of an afforested drained peatland in S-Iceland during a 2 year period, during which the Black Cottonwood (Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa) plantation was 23–25 year old. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) was measured with the eddy covariance method and C pools of trees and ground vegetation were measured using the stock change method. Lateral losses of dissolved and particulated organic C (DOC, POC) were estimated from weekly water-runoff samples. Unexpectedly, the afforested drained peatland was a strong sink of carbon during the two years, with an average NEE value of 714 g C m−2 yr−1. Only 0.5% of the total NEE was lost through lateral DOC and POC transport, leaving 710 g C m−2 yr−1 as the total net ecosystem production (NEP). Ca. 91% of the observed NEP could be explained by the annual biomass increment of the Black Cottonwood trees and 1.3% by the ground vegetation. This means that the remaining 7.5% of the total NEP most likely accumulated in peat soil and litter, contributing to the soil C stocks. The dormant-season CO2 emissions were unexpectedly low, which was explained by a high groundwater level at this drained site outside the ca. 5 months of the active growing season. On average, 66% of the annual measured precipitation was estimated to have evaporated back to the atmosphere. This left 416 mm for potential runoff, which was somewhat lower value than the measured runoff (662 mm). These results indicate that during the age span of ca. 20–25 years, afforestation was a valid method to reverse the expected negative C-balance of this drained grassland pasture in Iceland. Although the site is currently a soil C sink, simulation studies with process models are needed to test whether such sites could remain C sinks when managed for forestry over several tree-stand rotations.Peer reviewe

Overview of methods and tools for evaluating future woody biomass availability in European countries

201