34 research outputs found
Circadian Control of Dendrite Morphology in the Visual System of Drosophila melanogaster
In the first optic neuropil (lamina) of the fly's visual system, monopolar cells L1 and L2 and glia show circadian rhythms in morphological plasticity. They change their size and shape during the day and night. The most pronounced changes have been detected in circadian size of the L2 axons. Looking for a functional significance of the circadian plasticity observed in axons, we examined the morphological plasticity of the L2 dendrites. They extend from axons and harbor postsynaptic sites of tetrad synaptic contacts from the photoreceptor terminals.The plasticity of L2 dendrites was evaluated by measuring an outline of the L2 dendritic trees. These were from confocal images of cross sections of L2 cells labeled with GFP. They were in wild-type and clock mutant flies held under different light conditions and sacrified at different time points. We found that the L2 dendrites are longest at the beginning of the day in both males and females. This rhythm observed under a day/night regime (LD) was maintained in constant darkness (DD) but not in continuous light (LL). This rhythm was not present in the arrhythmic per(01) mutant in LD or in DD. In the clock photoreceptor cry(b) mutant the rhythm was maintained but its pattern was different than that observed in wild-type flies.The results obtained showed that the L2 dendrites exhibit circadian structural plasticity. Their morphology is controlled by the per gene-dependent circadian clock. The L2 dendrites are longest at the beginning of the day when the daytime tetrad presynaptic sites are most numerous and L2 axons are swollen. The presence of the rhythm, but with a different pattern in cry(b) mutants in LD and DD indicates a new role of cry in the visual system. The new role is in maintaining the circadian pattern of changes of the L2 dendrite length and shape
Seasonality and spatial heterogeneity of the surface ocean carbonate system in the northwest European continental shelf
In 2014â5 the UK NERC sponsored an 18âŻmonth long Shelf Sea Biogeochemistry research programme which collected over 1500 nutrient and carbonate system samples across the NW European Continental shelf, one of the largest continental shelves on the planet. This involved the cooperation of 10 different Institutes and Universities, using 6 different vessels. Additional carbon dioxide (CO2) data were obtained from the underway systems on three of the research vessels. Here, we present and discuss these data across 9 ecohydrodynamic regions, adapted from those used by the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We observed strong seasonal and regional variability in carbonate chemistry around the shelf in relation to nutrient biogeochemistry. Whilst salinity increased (and alkalinity decreased) out from the near-shore coastal waters offshore throughout the year nutrient concentrations varied with season. Spatial and seasonal variations in the ratio of DIC to nitrate concentration were seen that could impact carbon cycling. A decrease in nutrient concentrations and a pronounced under-saturation of surface pCO2 was evident in the spring in most regions, especially in the Celtic Sea. This decrease was less pronounced in Liverpool Bay and to the North of Scotland, where nutrient concentrations remained measurable throughout the year. The near-shore and relatively shallow ecosystems such as the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea were associated with a thermally driven increase in pCO2 to above atmospheric levels in summer and an associated decrease in pH. Non-thermal processes (such as mixing and the remineralisation of organic material) dominated in winter in most regions but especially in the northwest of Scotland and in Liverpool Bay. The large database collected will improve understanding of carbonate chemistry over the North-Western European Shelf in relation to nutrient biogeochemistry, particularly in the context of climate change and ocean acidification
FOORUM: Milline on Eesti ajalooteaduse tulevik?
Kui teemanumbri seitse artiklit vĂ”tsid tagasivaatavalt vaagida Eesti ajalooteaduse arengusuundi vii masel kahel kĂŒmnendil, siis siinse foorumi seitse lĂŒhiesseed heidavad vastukaaluks pilgu ettepoole, arutledes Eesti ajalooteaduse vĂ”imalike suundumuste ĂŒle jĂ€rgmisel kahel aastakĂŒmnel. Ettepanek foo rumisse panustada sai tehtud teadlikult vaid nendele eri pĂ”lvkondade Eesti ajaloolastele â doktorandist emeriitprofessoriteni â, kes on mĂ”nda aega tegutsenud vĂ”i tegutsevad praegu vĂ€lismaa ĂŒlikoolides. Selle valiku taga on lihtne soov pakkuda avaramat vaadet, nÂö kĂ”rvalt pilku, mida teises ĂŒhiskonnas töötamine eelduspĂ€raselt pakub. Ăhtlasi vĂ”ib valikut kĂ€sitada tunnismĂ€rgina sellest, et uuel sajandil on ĂŒha enam Eesti ajaloolasi leidnud rakendust nimekates ĂŒlikoolides ĂŒle ilma. TĂ€nan siinkohal toi metuse nimel kĂ”iki, kes leidsid vĂ”imaluse ettepanek vastu vĂ”tta. MĂ”tteliselt vĂ”ib siinse foorumi siduda kahekĂŒmne aasta taguse katsetusega ajakirjas Vikerkaar, kus palusin kĂŒmmekonnal Eesti ajaloolasel arutleda lĂŒhiessee vormis kĂŒsimuse ĂŒle âKuidas kirjutada Eesti ajaluguâ.1 JÀÀb vaid loota, et hiljemalt 2040. aastal saab see mĂ”tteline traditsioon uue jĂ€rje
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Three Dact gene family members are expressed during embryonic development and in the adult brains of mice
Members of the Dact protein family initially were identified through binding to Dishevelled (Dvl), a cytoplasmic protein central to Wnt signaling. During mouse development, Dact1 is detected in the presomitic mesoderm and somites during segmentation, in the limb bud mesenchyme and other mesoderm-derived tissues, and in the central nervous system (CNS). Dact2 expression is most prominent during organogenesis of the thymus, kidneys, and salivary glands, with much lower levels in the somites and in the developing CNS. Dact3, not previously described in any organism, is expressed in the ventral region of maturing somites, limb bud and branchial arch mesenchyme, and in the embryonic CNS; of the three paralogs, it is the most highly expressed in the adult cerebral cortex. These data are consistent with studies in other vertebrates showing that Dact paralogs have distinct signaling and developmental roles and suggest they may differentially contribute to postnatal brain physiology
The Morphological and Phenological Development of Timothy as Affected by Weather, and Its Relation to Nutritional Value
Tammsaareâs Constructions of Femininity in Light of Weiningerâs Concept of Sex Difference
Seasonality and spatial heterogeneity of the surface ocean carbonate system in the northwest European continental shelf
In 2014â5 the UK NERC sponsored an 18âŻmonth long Shelf Sea Biogeochemistry research programme which collected over 1500 nutrient and carbonate system samples across the NW European Continental shelf, one of the largest continental shelves on the planet. This involved the cooperation of 10 different Institutes and Universities, using 6 different vessels. Additional carbon dioxide (CO2) data were obtained from the underway systems on three of the research vessels. Here, we present and discuss these data across 9 ecohydrodynamic regions, adapted from those used by the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We observed strong seasonal and regional variability in carbonate chemistry around the shelf in relation to nutrient biogeochemistry. Whilst salinity increased (and alkalinity decreased) out from the near-shore coastal waters offshore throughout the year nutrient concentrations varied with season. Spatial and seasonal variations in the ratio of DIC to nitrate concentration were seen that could impact carbon cycling. A decrease in nutrient concentrations and a pronounced under-saturation of surface pCO2 was evident in the spring in most regions, especially in the Celtic Sea. This decrease was less pronounced in Liverpool Bay and to the North of Scotland, where nutrient concentrations remained measurable throughout the year. The near-shore and relatively shallow ecosystems such as the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea were associated with a thermally driven increase in pCO2 to above atmospheric levels in summer and an associated decrease in pH. Non-thermal processes (such as mixing and the remineralisation of organic material) dominated in winter in most regions but especially in the northwest of Scotland and in Liverpool Bay. The large database collected will improve understanding of carbonate chemistry over the North-Western European Shelf in relation to nutrient biogeochemistry, particularly in the context of climate change and ocean acidification