Axiology of the “Guest Situation” in Russian Literature

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью расширения научной аргументации для обоснования путей сохранения национальных традиций гостеприимства на основе уточнения представления об их аксиологической природе и устойчивых во времени характеристиках. Целью статьи является раскрытие стержневых для русской культуры представлений о феномене гостеприимства, типологизация «гостевых ситуаций», определение характеристик ценностно значимых стратегий «гостеприимного поведения» и соответствующих им атрибутов в русской классической литературе. Конкретным материалом исследования послужили разножанровые произведения, в которых ситуация гостеприимства выполняет сюжетообразующую и (или) характерообразующую функции: это «Письма русского путешественника» (1792) Н.М. Карамзина, стихотворное послание «Евгению, жизнь Званская» (1807) Г.Р. Державина, повесть Н.В. Гоголя «Старосветские помещики» (1835). Инструментом типологизации выступает категория хронотопа. Выделены хронотопы встречи, дома у дороги, усадьбы, гостиной, связанные с характеристиками русского культурного кода гостеприимства. Отсутствие прагматизма и душевная широта, характеризующие положительных героев в ситуациях приема гостей, представляются как исконная добродетель русских, а также как результат усвоения ими общечеловеческого цивилизационного опыта.The relevance of the study is due to the need to expand the scientific argumentation to substantiate ways to preserve the national traditions of hospitality on the basis of clarifying the idea of their axiological nature and characteristics that are stable over time. The purpose of the article is to reveal the core concepts for Russian culture about the phenomenon of hospitality, the typology of "guest situations", the definition of the characteristics of value-based strategies of “hospitable behavior” and the corresponding attributes in Russian classical literature. The specific material for the study was multi-genre works in which the situation of hospitality fulfills a plot-forming and (or) character-forming function: these are “Letters of a Russian Traveler” (1792) by N.М. Karamzin, a poetic message to Evgeny, the life of Zvanskaya (1807) by G.R. Derzhavin, the story of N.V. Gogol's “Old World Landowners” (1835). The category of chronotope acts as a typologization tool. The chronotopes of the meeting, the house by the road, the estate, the living room, associated with the characteristics of the Russian cultural code of hospitality, are highlighted. The lack of pragmatism and the spiritual breadth that characterize the goodies in reception situations are presented as the primordial virtue of Russians, as well as a result of their assimilation of the common human civilizational experience

The psychological portrait as a tool to improve the subjective well-being of the client in the context of personal sales

The definition of the concept of relationship marketing is discussed. The notion of personal sale, which emphasizes the importance of knowing the psychology of customers, the ability to demonstrate significant competence and knowledge of modern techniques in sales by the seller is represented. The theory of marketing introduced by the concept of a "personal agent", most accurately reflects the activity of the seller in the context of relationship marketing. The necessity of the application of psychology in marketing is proved. This brief description of the four basic psychological concepts, which are the basis of the marketing strategy, is clarified by leading marketers. The three areas of application of differential psychology in marketing are suggested. The basis of the psychological techniques is represented by the typical characteristics of a person. The first point of the customer portrait is showed by the theory of spirits. The second point of psychological portrait is based on the theory of Socionics. The third point of the customer portrait refers to the theory of the types of perception of the world. Three stages of the process of building a psychological portrait of the client are proposed and described. Recommendations for dealing with clients of different psychological types are discussed. A technique of creation a psychological portrait of the client allows improving subjective well-being of customers and promotes the growth of the main indicators characterizing the effectiveness of personal sales

Formalization of hydrocarbon conversion scheme of catalytic cracking for mathematical model development

The issue of improving the energy and resource efficiency of advanced petroleum processing can be solved by the development of adequate mathematical model based on physical and chemical regularities of process reactions with a high predictive potential in the advanced petroleum refining. In this work, the development of formalized hydrocarbon conversion scheme of catalytic cracking was performed using thermodynamic parameters of reaction defined by the Density Functional Theory. The list of reaction was compiled according to the results of feedstock structural-group composition definition, which was done by the n-d-m-method, the Hazelvuda method, qualitative composition of feedstock defined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and individual composition of catalytic cracking gasoline fraction. Formalized hydrocarbon conversion scheme of catalytic cracking will become the basis for the development of the catalytic cracking kinetic model

Modern Model of Competences of Personal Agents as Increase Factor of Clients’ Subjective Well-being

The model of competences of personal agents is developed in the article. The model allows raising the level of subjective well-being of clients and promotes the growth of main indicators characterizing productivity of personal selling. The author designates a new group of stakeholders with which the company has to develop relationship for realization of a social orientation. Relationship marketing is defined taking into account the priority of its broad treatments and orientation on developing relationships with various groups of people. The concept ‘personal agent’ is entered into the theory of marketing. This concept reflects the activity of the seller in modern conditions more precisely. The definition of personal selling is given. Novelty of the author's formulation of this definition is that the personal agents have to own skillfully technologies of sales for achieving their purpose. It is proved that the main objective of personal selling in the context of relationship marketing is not sale of goods, but development of relationship between clients and personal agents (company). The author proves the importance of application of psychological theories and offers the method of creation of a psychological portrait of clients on the basis of classification of standard psychological characteristics. The behavioural indicators characterizing demonstration of all main competences of personal agents are revealed and presented

RUSSIAN MEDICAL EDUCATION FROM INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS’ VIEW POINT: CHALLENGES AND COPING STRATEGIES

Purpose. The manuscript is devoted to the burning issue of education internationalization in modern society. Having come to study in Russia, many international students face a number of difficulties concerning various aspects of their life activity. The authors aim to study international students’ opinion regarding their residence in the European North and their study at the Russian medical university. Methodology. Survey findings of 149 Indian students studying at the International Faculty of General Practitioners of the Northern State Medical University (NSMU), Arkhangelsk compose the research basis. Results. Main challenges encountered by international students in the conditions of the European North, their attitude to the organization and quality of the educational process in the university were revealed. Cold climate, language barrier, the lack of traditional foods and separation from family are believed to be the main factors that make it difficult for junior students to learn. Senior students express their disappointment at the lack of clinical practice due to the distance learning during the pandemic and different level of students and teachers’ language proficiency. In general, students speak positively about university educational process and are satisfied with Russian education quality. Practical implications. Research findings can be used to develop recommendations for improving the socio-pedagogical adaptation of international students in Russian universities

Метрологическое обеспечение радиохимического производства

Introduction: Radiochemical production is one of the richest in terms of data for analytical control, high-quality implementation of which is impossible without using type approved reference materials (RMs). Industry-specific institutes used to satisfy the demand for RMs, many of which nowadays have ceased this type of activities due to various reasons. The paper in question covers problems of metrological support in radiochemical production caused by the lack of type approved RMs.Materials and methods: Technologies used for obtaining homogeneous reference material for radiochemical production are described. Methods and measuring instruments used for certifying RMs are listed.Results: Results of developing certified reference materials at Mayak Production Association are given. Examples of codeveloping RMs of triuranium octoxide and plutonium dioxide are provided.Discussion and conclusions: Assessment of the current situation in terms of provision of type approved RMs is given. The paper provides data on availability of raw material, quality of instrument and methodological base in order to create a reference material production site at Mayak Production Association. Results of step-by-step solutions to problems of metrological assurance in radiochemical production are presented. Research prospects of developing RMs for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are outlined. An outlook is given and practical proposals are formulated in the paper. The proposals in question are related to the interaction between institutes and enterprises of the field in terms of developing type approved RMs. Введение: Радиохимическое производство является самым насыщенным по объёму показателей для аналитического контроля, качественная реализация которого невозможна без применения стандартных образцов утверждённых типов. Ранее потребность в стандартных образцах обеспечивалась отраслевыми институтами, многие из которых в настоящее время в силу различных причин прекратили данный вид деятельности. В представленной статье освещены проблемы метрологического обеспечения радиохимического производства, вызванные дефицитом стандартных образцов утверждённых типов.Материалы и методы: Описаны технологии, используемые для получения однородного материала стандартных образцов для радиохимического производства. Перечислены методы и средства измерений, применяемые для аттестации стандартных образцов. Результаты исследования: Представлены результаты разработки стандартных образцов на ФГУП «ПО «Маяк». Описаны примеры совместных разработок стандартных образцов на основе триураноктаоксида и диоксида плутония. Обсуждение и заключение: Дана оценка существующего положения дел в области обеспеченности стандартными образцами утверждённых типов. Приведены данные о наличии сырья, качестве приборной и методической базы в целях создания производственной площадки для изготовления стандартных образцов на ФГУП «ПО «Маяк». Изложены результаты поэтапного решения проблем метрологического обеспечения радиохимического производства. Намечены перспективные исследования по созданию стандартных образцов для методов масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно-связанной плазмой. Дан прогноз и сформулированы предложения практического плана по взаимодействию между институтами и предприятиями отрасли в области разработки стандартных образцов утверждённого типа

Association of gene polymorphisms with body weight changes in prediabetic patients

Recent research has demonstrated that Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) risk is influenced by a number of common polymorphisms, including MC4R rs17782313, PPARG rs1801282, and TCF7L2 rs7903146. Knowledge of the association between these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and body weight changes in different forms of prediabetes treatment is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms within the MC4R, PPARG, and TCF7L2 genes on the risk of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and body composition changes in overweight or obese patients with early carbohydrate metabolism disorders. From 327 patients, a subgroup of 81 prediabetic female patients (48.7 ± 14.8 years) of Eastern European descent participated in a 3-month study comprised of diet therapy or diet therapy accompanied with metformin treatment. Bioelectrical impedance analysis and genotyping of MC4R rs17782313, PPARG rs1801282, and TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphisms were performed. The MC4R CC and TCF7L2 TT genotypes were associated with increased risk of T2D (OR = 1.46, p = 0.05 and OR = 2.47, p = 0.006, respectively). PPARG CC homozygotes experienced increased weight loss; however, no additional improvements were experienced with the addition of metformin. MC4R TT homozygotes who took metformin alongside dietary intervention experienced increased weight loss and reductions in fat mass (p < 0.05). We have shown that the obesity-protective alleles (MC4R T and PPARG C) were positively associated with weight loss efficiency. Furthermore, we confirmed the previous association of the MC4R C and TCF7L2 T alleles with T2D risk. [Abstract copyright: © 2022. The Author(s).

Towards targeted colorectal cancer biopsy based on tissue morphology assessment by compression optical coherence elastography

Identifying the precise topography of cancer for targeted biopsy in colonoscopic examination is a challenge in current diagnostic practice. For the first time we demonstrate the use of compression optical coherence elastography (C-OCE) technology as a new functional OCT modality for differentiating between cancerous and non-cancerous tissues in colon and detecting their morphological features on the basis of measurement of tissue elastic properties. The method uses pre-determined stiffness values (Young’s modulus) to distinguish between different morphological structures of normal (mucosa and submucosa), benign tumor (adenoma) and malignant tumor tissue (including cancer cells, gland-like structures, cribriform gland-like structures, stromal fibers, extracellular mucin). After analyzing in excess of fifty tissue samples, a threshold stiffness value of 520 kPa was suggested above which areas of colorectal cancer were detected invariably. A high Pearson correlation (r =0.98; p &lt;0.05), and a negligible bias (0.22) by good agreement of the segmentation results of C-OCE and histological (reference standard) images was demonstrated, indicating the efficiency of C-OCE to identify the precise localization of colorectal cancer and the possibility to perform targeted biopsy. Furthermore, we demonstrated the ability of C-OCE to differentiate morphological subtypes of colorectal cancer – low-grade and high-grade colorectal adenocarcinomas, mucinous adenocarcinoma, and cribriform patterns. The obtained ex vivo results highlight prospects of C-OCE for high-level colon malignancy detection. The future endoscopic use of C-OCE will allow targeted biopsy sampling and simultaneous rapid analysis of the heterogeneous morphology of colon tumors

Нарушение формирования пола 45,Х/46,XY: клинико-лабораторная характеристика пациентов

Aim. To study the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with disorders of sex development (DSD) 45,Х/46,ХY.Materials and methods. The study included 248 patients with genital malformations from early neonatal period to 18 years. The group of patients with DSD 45,Х/46,ХY was formed according to the results of cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic examination. Anthropometric data, external and internal genitalia, hormonal parameters in mini-pubertal, neutral and pubertal periods were assessed; histological examination of the gonads and screening of development malformations were performed.Results. DSD of 46,ХY karyotype was revealed in 48% (120/248) cases, 46,ХХ DSD – 38% (93/248), DSD with sex chromosome pathology – 14% (35/248) patients. Chromosome DSD was represented by Klinefelter syndrome, Shereshevsky – Ulrich – Turner syndrome, chimeric DSD, and ovotesticular DSD, but the majority of patients had mosaicism 45,Х/46,ХY (65%). In the group of patients with NFP 45,X/46,XY, the median degree of masculinization of the external genitalia by the scale of the external masculinization score (EMS) was 3 [1; 5,5]. Among the defects of external genitalia in most cases (82%, 18/22) there was a combination of cryptorchidism with hypospadias. Derivatives of the Mueller ducts were detected in 91% (20/22) of patients. Most patients (77%) adapt the male passport field. There were no statistically significant differences in the structure of the external and internal genitalia between the groups of patients adapted in the male and female passport fields.The analysis of hormonal indexes revealed a positive correlation between the content of basal testosteron in the mini-pubertal period and the index of masculinization of the external genitalia by the EMS scale (p = 0,002; r = 0,9). In the period of mini-puberty an increase in the level of gonadotropic hormones was detected in 89% (8/9) of children, a combined increase of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) being observed in 33% (3/9), an isolated increase of FSH – in 56% (5/9) of cases. In the pubertal period hypergonadotropic hypogonadism was revealed in 75% (3/4) of patients.The results of the histological study of the gonads were heterogenous. Gonads are represented by a different degree of dysgenesis of testicular tissue: from a mild, histologically-like gonad in cryptorchidism to streak and ovotestis.Among the extragonadal manifestations of the disease, inguinal hernia (86%), heart defects (77%) and kidney defects (36%) are prominent. Pathological growth retardation was diagnosed in 23% of children.Conclusion. In the structure of the disease chromosomal DSD accounts for 14% of observations. A group of patients with DSD 45,X/46,XY is heterogenous in the degree of gonadal dysgenesis, the structure of the external and internal genitalia.Цель исследования. Изучить клинико-лабораторную характеристику пациентов с нарушением формирования пола (НФП) 45,Х/46,ХY.Материал и методы. В исследование включены 248 пациентов с неправильным строением наружных гениталий от раннего неонатального периода до 18 лет. По результатам цитогенетического и молекулярно-цитогенетического обследований сформирована группа пациентов с НФП, обусловленного мозаицизмом 45,Х/46,ХY. Проведена оценка антропометрических показателей, наружных и внутренних гениталий, гормональных показателей в мини-пубертате, нейтральном и пубертатном периодах, гистологическое исследование гонад, скрининг пороков развития.Результаты. НФП с кариотипом 46,ХY выявлено в 48% (120/248) случаев, с кариотипом 46,ХХ – в 38% (93/248), НФП с патологией половых хромосом – в 14% (35/248) наблюдений. Хромосомное НФП представлено следующими вариантами: синдромы Кляйнфельтера, Шерешевского – Ульриха – Тернера, химеризм, овотестикулярное, но большую часть составили пациенты с мозаицизмом 45,Х/46,ХY (65%). В группе пациентов с НФП 45,Х/46,ХY медиана cтепени маскулинизации наружных гениталий по шкале External Masculinization Score (EMS) составила 3 [1; 5,5]. Среди пороков развития наружных гениталий в большинстве случаев (82%, 18/22) имело место сочетание крипторхизма с гипоспадией. Дериваты Мюллеровых протоков выявлены у 91% (20/22) пациентов. Большая часть пациентов (77%) адаптируется в мужском паспортном поле. Не выявлено статистически значимых различий в строении наружных и внутренних гениталий между группами пациентов, адаптируемых в мужском и женском паспортном поле.При анализе гормональных показателей выявлена положительная корреляционная взаимосвязь между содержанием базального тестостерона в период мини-пубертата и индексом маскулинизации наружных гениталий по шкале EMS (р = 0,002; r = 0,9). В период мини-пубертата повышение уровня гонадотропных гормонов выявлено у 89% (8/9) детей, из которых сочетанное повышение лютеинизирующего гормона и фолликулостимулирующего гормона (ФСГ) отмечено в 33% (3/9), изолированное повышение ФСГ в 56% (5/9) случаев. В пубертатном периоде у 75% (3/4) пациентов выявлен гипергонадотропный гипогонадизм.По результатам гистологического исследования гонад отмечена гетерогенная картина. Гонады представлены различной степенью дисгенезии тестикулярной ткани: от легкой, близкой к гистологическому строению гонад при крипторхизме, до streak и овотестис.Среди внегонадных проявлений заболевания лидируют паховые грыжи (86%), пороки сердца (77%) и почек (36%). Патологическая задержка роста диагностирована у 23% детей.Выводы. В структуре заболевания на хромосомное НФП приходится 14% наблюдений. Группа пациентов с НФП 45,Х/46,ХY гетерогенна по степени дисгенезии гонад, строению наружных и внутренних половых органов