Food Waste to Biogas: A Performance Evaluation

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is implementing the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) in all the States and UTs of the country. About 47.5 Lakh biogas plants have already been installed in the country upto 31st March, 2014. During the year 2014-15, a target of setting up 1, 10,000biogas plants has been set. In India, approximately 5 million small scale biogas plants are currently in operation. The Biogas plant is the best option for households having feed material, to become self- dependent for cooking gas and highly organic enriched bio-manure. It provides the solution to protect the households from the problems of indoor air pollution and while saving on cost of refilling of LPG cylinders.Bio gas -a source from the waste is an excellent form of renewable energy. The waste fromfood, plant and animal is effectively processed & evolved in the form of energy which is a green &clean. By implementing Bio gas plants, greater benefits to the society and mankind is achieved. Spectrum of benefits could be achieved in Bio Gas plant such as reduced GHG emissions, reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels, reduced carbon foot print, waste reduction, utilisation of waste to good, job creation, low water inputs, flexible and efficient use of bio-gas,benefits to farmers such as additional income to the farmers involved, use of digestate as excellent fertilizer and a Closed nutrient cycle.Biogas implementation using kitchen waste allows it to safe disposal of the waste & also reduces Landfills. The concept of our plant is based on Digestion, which is a biological process that occurs in the presence of anaerobic organisms at ambient pressures and temperature 35 � 70�C.Anaerobic Digestion is a microbial process for the production of biogas which consists of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Bio gas is a clean & slow burning gas which has a calorific value of 5000- 5500kcal/kg (20935- 23028 kJ/kg)& the process involves the following steps: Pulverising the waste, Hydrolysis, Moisture removal, Pre Digestion, Main Digestion & Production of Methane Bio Gas. Biogas thus produced, is being utilised as a cooking fuel in Ladies hostel at GRI. (Foran approximate strength of 1000 Nos and for one partial meal per day). The Digestate, thus produced as slurry is collected and used as manure for plants in campus. GRI is glad to submit this paper as a real time project, which is based on sustainable development& could open avenues to rural economy and effective use of waste management � a mantra for all developing & developed countries

Bottle - Neck in Solar Flat Plate Collector: An Experimental Investigation and Feasibility Study of Usage of Evacuated Tube Solar Collector for High Salinity Area

Today the solar energy plays a vital role in various sectors. Even though the solar flat plate collector technology has been matured but in filed the technology failed because of salt deposition of raisers. Hence the present paper investigates the failure analysis of 500 LPD solar water heater installed in 2010. The main cause of failure is the salt deposition. Further in depth study on flow distribution inside the solar flat plate collector revealed that there is a non-uniformity in the flow of each raiser. The same has been ascertained with a collector on a standard test bed condition. The collector performance characteristics have been estimated for the decade year solar flat plate collector. Detailed comparison chart has been proposed and reported. To overcome this effect a new Evacuated Tube collector has been proposed. A 10-year-old evacuated tube collector installed for domestic application has been taken for study and reported

Review on various Pharmaceuticals and their Pharmacology of Anti-repellents- As a Preventive aspect of Vector (mosquito species) borne Disease

Mosquito is one of the most vexing bloodsucking insects. Malaria, Filariasis, Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Chikungunya, and Zika are all transmitted by mosquito species belonging to the genera Anopheles, Culex, & Aedes. Mosquitoes alone infect almost 700 million people each year, resulting in one million fatalities. Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito bites, is still a substantial illness that impacts the development of infants and kids. Present review work aims to review various pharmaceutical dosage forms of anti-repellent products and their molecules, mechanism of repellent activity as a preventive of different vector bone diseases. Malaria cases were over 207 million in 2012, with 627,000 deaths reported. In addition, Yellow fever, which is spread by the Haematologus and Aedes mosquitoes, causes 200,000 instances of disease and 30,000 fatalities worldwide each year. Dengue fever is spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos, which are responsible for more than 100 million infections yearly. Furthermore, more than 2.5 billion individuals, or about 40% of the world's population, are now in danger of contracting Dengue fever. This review helped to understand the various kinds of vector bone disease and the surveillance of disease data. In addition, the review revealed the various pharmaceutical products would help control the Mosquitoes bits and related disease as preventive aspects and the components of pharmaceutical and their mechanism of action to inhibit the spread of various insects’ related disease

Generation of Phenothiazine with Potent Anti-TLK1 Activity for Prostate Cancer Therapy

Through in vitro kinase assays and docking studies, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a phenothiazine analog J54 with potent TLK1 inhibitory activity for prostate cancer (PCa) therapy. Most PCa deaths result from progressive failure in standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), leading to metastatic castration-resistant PCa. Treatments that can suppress the conversion to mCRPC have high potential to be rapidly implemented in the clinics. ADT results in increased expression of TLK1B, a key kinase upstream of NEK1 and ATR and mediating the DNA damage response that typically results in temporary cell-cycle arrest of androgen-responsive PCa cells, whereas its abrogation leads to apoptosis. We studied J54 as a potent inhibitor of this axis and as a mediator of apoptosis in vitro and in LNCaP xenografts, which has potential for clinical investigation in combination with ADT. J54 has low affinity for the dopamine receptor in modeling and competition studies and weak detrimental behavioral effects in mice and C. elegans

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles an Overview and Applications

A drone that is not manned Automated vehicles are rational admirers of the latest planes, and they\u27re always looking for ways to improve. Wartime and re-exploration capabilities are the primary emphases of the current generation of UAVs, leaving the existing market impacted by UAV technology unaffected. UAV technology has a wide range of current uses, ranging from emergency response to media to agriculture to communications experts. However, the adaptable unmanned aerial vehicle is not yet available to the general public. As a result, a UAV that can carry a wide range of flexible tools should be light and lightweight. In commercial applications, UAV technological ideas and adaptable components may be a strong instrument, and they can help define the future of aviation. It is possible to categorize drones depending on their applications, such as photography, aerial mapping, surveillance, and so on. However, the easiest way to classify \u27Drones\u27 is to use aerial platforms. Drones may be classified into four broad categories based on the sort of airborne platform they employ

The Structural Basis of Cryptosporidium-Specific IMP Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Selectivity

Cryptosporidium parvum is a potential biowarfare agent, an important AIDS pathogen, and a major cause of diarrhea and malnutrition. No vaccines or effective drug treatment exist to combat Cryptosporidium infection. This parasite relies on inosine 5?-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) to obtain guanine nucleotides, and inhibition of this enzyme blocks parasite proliferation. Here, we report the first crystal structures of CpIMPDH. These structures reveal the structural basis of inhibitor selectivity and suggest a strategy for further optimization. Using this information, we have synthesized low-nanomolar inhibitors that display 103 selectivity for the parasite enzyme over human IMPDH2

Role of Natural Cross Linkers in Resin–Dentin Bond Durability: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The role of endogenous Matrix Metallo Proteinases in resin dentin bond deterioration over time has been well documented. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature; in vitro and ex vivo studies that assessed the outcomes of natural cross-linkers for immediate and long-term tensile bond strength were included. Methods: The manuscript search was carried out in six electronic databases—PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane, Web of Science and DOAJ, without publication year limits. Only manuscripts in English (including the translated articles) were selected, and the last search was performed in December 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed. Results: From the 128 potentially eligible studies, 48 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. After eligibility assessment and exclusions, 14 studies were considered for systematic review and seven studies for meta-analysis. Amongst the selected studies for meta-analysis, three had a medium and four had a low risk of bias. Conclusions: It was evidenced by the available data that Proanthocyanidin is the most efficient natural cross-linker to date, in preserving the bond strength even after ageing

Integral Role of Water in the Solid-State Behavior of the Antileishmanial Drug Miltefosine

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. Open access articleMiltefosine is a repurposed anticancer drug and currently the only orally administered drug approved to treat the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. Miltefosine is hygroscopic and must be stored at sub-zero temperatures. In this work we report the X-ray structures of miltefosine monohydrate and methanol solvate, along with 12- and 14-carbon chain analogue hydrates and a solvate. The three hydrates are all isostructural and are conformational isomorphs with Z' = 2. The water bridges the gap between phosphocholine head groups caused by the interdigitated bilayer structure. The two methanol solvates are also mutually isostructural with the head groups adopting a more extended conformation. Again, the solvent bridges the gap between head groups in the bilayer. No anhydrous form of miltefosine or its analogues were isolated, with dehydration resulting in significantly reduced crystallinity. This arises as a result of the integral role that hydrogen bond donors (in the form of water or solvent molecules) play in the stability of the zwitterionic structures

Enzymatic Glucose Based Bio batteries: Bioenergy to Fuel Next Generation Devices

[EN] This article consists of a review of the main concepts and paradigms established in the field of biological fuel cells or biofuel cells. The aim is to provide an overview of the current panorama, basic concepts, and methodologies used in the field of enzymatic biofuel cells, as well as the applications of these bio-systems in flexible electronics and implantable or portable devices. Finally, the challenges needing to be addressed in the development of biofuel cells capable of supplying power to small size devices with applications in areas related to health and well-being or next-generation portable devices are analyzed. The aim of this study is to contribute to biofuel cell technology development; this is a multidisciplinary topic about which review articles related to different scientific areas, from Materials Science to technology applications, can be found. 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