Online lektiehjælp – Udvikling af en vejledningsdidaktik med pædagogisk designforskning som metode

Lektievejledning er en pædagogisk praksis i rivende udvikling med fokus på at støtte elever i at forstå og håndtere udfordringer i deres lektiearbejde. Lektievejledning er på den politiske dagsorden i skole og ungdomsuddannelser og tilbydes både internt af uddannelsesinstitutionerne samt af private og offentlige aktører. Men lektievejledning er ikke etableret som et teoretisk felt eller som en særlig vejledningskompetence. Der er således behov for at begrebsliggøre og udvikle teori om, hvad lektievejledning er, og hvordan vejledningsformen didaktisk kan håndteres. Mere konkret er ud-fordringen at udvikle et nuanceret fagsprog samt en modellering af feltet til forklaring af lektievejledningens komplekse praksis med det mål at udvikle og kvalificere lektievejledning som pædagogisk teori og pædagogisk prak-sis. Denne artikel præsenterer resultatet af et forskningsprojekt, hvis mål er at udvikle en vejledningsdidaktik, herunder metoder, modeller og materialer for lektievejledning i regi af Lektier Online. Lektier Online er en organisation ved Statsbiblioteket i Århus, der tilbyder en online lektiecafe, hvor bl.a. gymnasie-elever kan få hjælp af frivillige universitetsstuderende. Dette didaktiske de-sign er et eksempel på, hvordan digitalisering og ny teknologi er en katalysator for udvikling af nye innovative læringsmiljøer og læringstilbud, der åbner fleksible og stedsuafhængige rum for læring, giver mulighed for samspil med aktører uden for skolens formelle rammer, og som er båret af integration af digitale teknologier i læringssituationen. Artiklen beskriver forskningsproces-sen med at indkredse en vejledningsdidaktik for lektiehjælp samt udviklingen, konceptualiseringen, afprøvningen og evalueringen af en række vejlednings-modeller på grundlag af forskningsmetoden Pædagogisk designforskning og dens tradition for brugerdreven innovation. Artiklen beskriver for det første resultatet af forskningsprocessen i form af koncepter og modeller som: Lektie-vejlederens kompetenceprofil, Vejledningskompasset, Vejledningens scener og Vejledningsstrategimodellen – og evalueringen af disse modellers pædagogiske værdi. For det andet demonstrerer artiklen, hvordan forskerteamet metodisk har fortolket og udmøntet den pædagogiske designforsknings metode til ud-vikling af en vejledningsdidaktik. -- Homework counselling is a fast growing pedagogical practice where focus is on supporting students in understanding and handling challenges in their homework. Homework counselling is on the political agenda in schools and secondary schools and is offered both internally by the educational institutions as well as private and public operators. Homework counselling however is not established as a theoretical field or as a specific counselling competence. Hence there is a need to conceptualise and devel-op theories about what homework counselling is and how the form of counselling can be handled didactical. In concrete terms the challenge is to develop a nuanced terminology and a modelling of the field to explain the complex practices of homework counselling with the aim to develop and qualify homework counselling as a pedagogical theory and pedagogical practice. This article presents the result of a research project, which aim is to devel-op a counselling didactic, including methods, models and materials for homework counselling within the framework of Homework Online. Home-work Online is an organisation at the State Library in Aarhus, Denmark, which offers a place for online homework guidance where i.a. secondary school students can get help from volunteer university students. This didactical design is an example on how digitisation and new technology acts as a catalyst for developing new innovative learning environments and possibilities for learning, which opens flexible and spaces for learning irrespective of place, allowing interactions with external operators outside the formal school framework, and based on digital technology integration in the learning situation. The article describes the research process by in-creasing a counselling didactic for homework guidance plus the develop-ment, the conceptualisation, the testing and the evaluation of a number of counselling models based on the research method pedagogical design re-search and it’s tradition for user driven innovation. The article describes firstly the results of the research process in form of the concepts and mod-els: The Competence Profile of the Homework Counsellor, The Counselling Compass, The Counselling Scenes and The Counselling Strategy Model – and the evaluation of these models’ pedagogical value. Secondly the article demonstrates how the research team have interpreted and implemented the pedagogical design research method in the development of a counsel-ling didactic

The common murre (Uria aalge), an auk seabird, reacts to underwater sound

Author Posting. © Acoustical Society of America, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of Acoustical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 147(6), (2020): 4069, doi:10.1121/10.0001400.Marine mammals have fine-tuned hearing abilities, which makes them vulnerable to human-induced sounds from shipping, sonars, pile drivers, and air guns. Many species of marine birds, such as penguins, auks, and cormorants, find their food underwater where light is often limited, suggesting sound detection may play a vital role. Yet, for most marine birds, it is unknown whether they are using, and can thereby be affected by, underwater sound. The authors conducted a series of playback experiments to test whether Alcid seabirds responded to and were disrupted by, underwater sound. Underwater broadband sound bursts and mid-frequency naval 53 C sonar signals were presented to two common murres (Uria aalge) in a quiet pool. The received sound pressure levels varied from 110 to 137 dB re 1 μPa. Both murres showed consistent reactions to sounds of all intensities, as compared to no reactions during control trials. For one of the birds, there was a clearly graded response, so that more responses were found at higher received levels. The authors' findings indicate that common murres may be affected by, and therefore potentially also vulnerable to, underwater noise. The effect of man-made noise on murres, and possibly other marine birds, requires more thorough consideration.This project was funded by the U. S. Navy's Living Marine Resources Program (BAA N39433015R7203) and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Birds were loaned from Copenhagen Zoo. Work was conducted under permission from the WHOI Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, and animal permit to University of Southern Denmark No. 2300-50120-00003-09 from the Danish Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Statistical analysis was assisted by Simeon Smeele (MPI Konstanz, Germany) and Owen Jones (University of Southern Denmark).2020-12-2

A field study of auditory sensitivity of the Atlantic puffin, Fratercula Arctica

Author Posting. © Company of Biologists, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of Company of Biologists for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Experimental Biology (2020): jeb.228270, doi:10.1242/jeb.228270.Hearing is vital for birds as they rely on acoustic communication with parents, mates, chicks, and conspecifics. Amphibious seabirds face many ecological pressures, having to sense cues in air and underwater. Natural noise conditions have helped shape this sensory modality but anthropogenic noise is increasingly impacting seabirds. Surprisingly little is known about their hearing, despite their imperiled status. Understanding sound sensitivity is vital when we seek to manage manmade noise impacts. We measured the auditory sensitivity of nine wild Atlantic puffins, Fratercula arctica, in a capture-and-release setting in an effort to define their audiogram and compare these data to the hearing of other birds and natural rookery noise. Auditory sensitivity was tested using auditory evoked potential (AEP) methods. Responses were detected from 0.5 to 6 kHz. Mean thresholds were below 40 dB re 20 µPa from 0.75 to 3 kHz indicating that these were the most sensitive auditory frequencies, similar to other seabirds. Thresholds in the ‘middle’ frequency range 1-2.5 kHz were often down to 10-20 dB re 20 µPa. Lowest thresholds were typically at 2.5 kHz. These are the first in-air auditory sensitivity data from multiple wild-caught individuals of a deep-diving Alcid seabird. The audiogram was comparable to other birds of similar size, thereby indicating that puffins have fully functioning aerial hearing despite the constraints of their deep-diving, amphibious lifestyles. There was some variation in thresholds, yet animals generally had sensitive ears suggesting aerial hearing is an important sensory modality for this taxon.This work was supported by the U.S. Navy’s Living Marine Resources Program and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.2021-06-1

Multiple stakeholders’ perspectives of marine social ecological systems, a case study on the Barents Sea

The Barents Sea ecosystem components and services are under pressure from climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. Following an Ecosystem-based management approach, multiple simultaneous pressures are addressed by using integrative strategies, but regular prioritization of key issues is needed. Identification of such priorities is typically done in a ‘scoping’ phase, where the characterization of the social-ecological system is defined and discussed. We performed a scoping exercise using an open and flexible multi-stakeholder approach to build conceptual models of the Barents Sea social-ecological system. After standardizing vocabulary, a com plex hierarchical model structure containing 155 elements was condensed to a simpler model structure con taining a maximum of 36 elements. To capture a common understanding across stakeholder groups, inputs from the individual group models were compiled into a collective model. Stakeholders’ representation of the Barents Sea social-ecological system is complex and often group specific, emphasizing the need to include social scientific methods to ensure the identification and inclusion of key stakeholders in the process. Any summary or simpli fication of the stakeholders’ representation neglects important information. Some commonalities are highlighted in the collective model, and additional information from the hierarchical model is provided by multicriteria analysis. The collective conceptual stakeholder model provides input to an integrated overview and strengthens prioritization in Ecosystem-based management by supporting the development of qualitative network models. Such models allow for exploration of perturbations and can inform cross-sectoral management trade-offs and prioritiespublishedVersio

Isotropic-nematic phase transition in suspensions of filamentous virus and the neutral polymer Dextran

We present an experimental study of the isotropic-nematic phase transition in an aqueous mixture of charged semi-flexible rods (fd virus) and neutral polymer (Dextran). A complete phase diagram is measured as a function of ionic strength and polymer molecular weight. At high ionic strength we find that adding polymer widens the isotropic-nematic coexistence region with polymers preferentially partitioning into the isotropic phase, while at low ionic strength the added polymer has no effect on the phase transition. The nematic order parameter is determined from birefringence measurements and is found to be independent of polymer concentration (or equivalently the strength of attraction). The experimental results are compared with the existing theoretical predictions for the isotropic-nematic transition in rods with attractive interactions.Comment: 8 Figures. To be published in Phys. Rev. E. For more information see http://www.elsie.brandeis.ed

Nematic-nematic phase separation in binary mixtures of thick and thin hard rods: Results from Onsager-like theories

Published versio

Determination of growth, mass, and body mass index of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena): Implications for conservational status assessment of populations

Longitudinal data on individual growth and seasonal changes in body mass, girth, and blubber thickness are rarely available for cetaceans, making it difficult to assess their population composition and individual nutritional condition. During different time intervals from 1997 to 2020, we collected longitudinal data on length, body mass, girth,and blubber thickness from seventeen harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in human care. We compared Gompertz and von Bertalanffy growth curves to collected length data at age 0–4 years for five individuals with known dates of birth. Von Bertalanffy had the lowest AICc value and was used to predict the birth year of twelve animals which age had previously been estimated based on tooth ring analysis and ossification of flipper bones. The growth curve was accurate within 1 yr. of age estimates. Within the first year, the calves grew 66%, attaining 84% of their adult length, and reached asymptotic length at age 3–4. For adults, there were large seasonal variations in body mass, body mass index, girth, and blubber thickness, with up to 28% of variation in body mass between seasons. We predicted individual body mass within ± 2 kg using measurements of length and girth, allowing estimation of body mass index of individuals with unknown mass. Our findings enable monitoring and assessments of population composition as well as nutritional condition of individual harbour porpoises, which is crucial for assessing conservational status and guiding management

Decrease Stress; Train Your Animals: The Effect of Handling Methods on Cortisol Levels in Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Under Human Care

Circulating cortisol levels are accepted as a sensitive indicator of acute stress in marine mammals, particularly in relation with capture and handling. The present study provides the first long-term monitoring of cortisol levels in four harbour porpoises held in human care—an adult male and adult female and two juvenile females. It also compares levels in blood obtained after removing the animal from the water (OWR sampling) with levels in blood obtained at poolside under voluntary husbandry behaviours (VHB sampling). Cortisol levels differed significantly between the four porpoises, although they all exhibited quite high variations in cortisol levels, with averages of 64.9 and 70.5 μg/l in the adult male and female, respectively, and 90.7 and 51.4 μg/l in the juvenile females. OWR sampling induced significantly higher cortisol levels than VHB sampling, with a dramatic threefold decrease in circulating cortisol levels obtained under VHB sampling compared to levels obtained under OWR sampling (16.6 and 20.2 μg/l compared with 64.9 and 70.5 μg/l in the adult male and female respectively). Even if the porpoises showed some habituation to handling, regular and frequent handling over several years did not suppress a significant stress response in the porpoises when they were removed from the water, pointing to the advantage of using VHB for limiting stress in husbandry practices