Letters between William Kerr and Oscar Kirkham as well as a recommendation from J. A. Anderson.

Letters concerning open position for director of the Music Department

Effects of Roof Pitch and Gypsum Ceilings on the Behavior of Wood Roof Diaphragms

Ten full-size (3.7×4.9m) plywood roof diaphragms were constructed using metal-plate-connected (MPC) common and hip wood trusses or joists, typical of single-family dwelling (SFD) construction. The specimens included three gable roof slopes of 33, 67, and 100%, a hip roof of 33% slope, and a flat roof, with a horizontal bottom chord. These roofs were constructed and tested in duplicate to make the total of 10 roofs. Gable and hip roofs were tested with plywood sheathing applied to the eaves, with plywood sheathing removed from the eaves, and with a gypsum ceiling attached to the bottom chord of the trusses. Roofs were tested following standard procedures and analysis. Results showed eave plywood had a negligible effect on diaphragm apparent stiffness; pitch affected gable roof apparent stiffness significantly but did not affect gable roof strength; hip roofs had almost the same apparent stiffness as flat roofs and had the same strength as flat roofs; gable roofs had apparent stiffnesses that were about 50% that of the flat roofs; and gypsum provided more than one-third of the total roof apparent stiffness at slopes of less than 33%. There was no effect of pitch on roof strength in any configuration; all roofs exhibited approximately the same shear strength. Failure modes of roofs included nail withdrawal, nail tear-through, metal plate tear-out on trusses, and chord tensile failure

Practical Analysis for Horizontal Diaphragm Design of Wood-Frame Single-Family Dwellings

Seismic design of wood-frame single-family dwellings’ (WFSFD) lateral force–resisting systems requires determination of the stiffness of horizontal diaphragms and shearwalls. During design, sizes and locations of shearwall openings are often changed, altering shearwall stiffness and loads and requiring a significant redesign effort. Rigid and tributary area method analyses are examined for different geometries of L-shaped WFSFD and include stiffness reductions for roof geometry and pitch. These methods are applied to historic earthquake damage reports and compared using rigid, semirigid, or flexible horizontal diaphragm analyses useful in design practice. Most WFSFD should be designed using an envelope method because they contain a mix of horizontal diaphragm types owing to the effects of roof pitch and geometry on diaphragm stiffness. Cases occur where determination of semirigid or flexible diaphragm behavior is difficult because the analysis results are contradictory or unclear. This suggests that semirigid modeling or an envelope method is prudent. The use of simple rigid plate, flexible plate or semirigid plate methods can be practical for analyzing WFSFD with a reasonable level of detail and effort

Effects of Roof Pitch and Gypsum Ceilings on the Behavior of Wood Roof Diaphragms

Ten full size (3.7 x 4.9 m) plywood roof diaphragms were constructed using metal plate connected (MPC) common and hip wood trusses or joists, typical of single-family dwelling (SFD) construction. The specimens included three gable roof slopes of 33, 67 and 100%, a hip roof of 33% slope, and a flat roof, with a horizontal bottom chord. These roofs were constructed and tested in duplicate to make the total of ten roofs. Gable and hip roofs were tested with plywood sheathing applied to the eaves, with plywood sheathing removed from the eaves, and with a gypsum ceiling attached to the bottom chord of the trusses. Roofs were tested following the ASTM E455 standard procedures and analysis. Results showed eave plywood had negligible effect on diaphragm apparent stiffness; pitch affected gable roof apparent stiffness significantly but did not affect gable roof strength; hip roofs had almost the same apparent stiffness as flat roofs, and had the same strength as flat roofs; gable roofs had apparent stiffnesses which were about 50% that of the flat roofs; and gypsum provided more than 1/3 of the total roof apparent stiffness at slopes of less than 33%. There was no effect of pitch on roof strength in any configuration; all roofs exhibited approximately the same shear strength. Failure modes of roofs included nail withdrawal, nail tear-through, metal plate tear-out on trusses and chord tensile failure.Keywords: Structural strength, Diaphragms, Roofs, Static tests, Seismic, Full-scale tests, Residential building

State of the Art: Seismic Behavior of Wood-Frame Residential Structures

There are about 80 million single-family dwellings (SFD) in the United States, predominantly of wood-frame construction. Of these, 68% are owner occupied. A home is typically the largest single investment of a family, and is often not covered by earthquake insurance, even where it is available. Of all the houses in America, 50% were built before 1974, and 76% built before 1990. Most wood frame SFD (WFSFD) were built to prescriptive code provisions before seismic requirements were introduced. After the introduction of seismic design requirements, the importance of examining structures as an assembly of connected elements became more common. Much of the seismic design information on SFD construction is based on educated opinion or limited research. This review examines research that can be applied to WFSFD seismic analysis and the design and retrofit of existing WFSFD. The review is intended to cover most readily available papers published in major U.S. journals and at major conferences in the area of seismic modeling, testing and evaluation. We review the “state-of-the-art” of seismic experimentation and seismic evaluation, and provide our observations and recommendations for future research.Keywords: Seismic, Roofs, Wood, Diaphragms, Wood Structures, Bibliographies, Shear wall

State of the Art: Seismic Behavior of Wood-Frame Residential Structures

There are about 80 million single-family dwellings (SFDs) in the United States, predominantly of wood-frame construction. Of these, 68% are owner-occupied. A home is typically the largest single investment of a family, and is often not covered by earthquake insurance, even where it is available. Of all the houses in America, 50% were built before 1974, and 76% built before 1990. Most wood-frame SFDs (WFSFDs) were built to prescriptive code provisions before seismic requirements were introduced. After the introduction of seismic design requirements, the importance of examining structures as an assembly of connected elements became more common. Much of the seismic design information on SFD construction is based on educated opinion or limited research. This review examines research that can be applied to WFSFD seismic analysis and the design and retrofit of existing WFSFDs. The review is intended to cover most readily available papers published in major U.S. journals and at major conferences in the area of seismic modeling, testing and evaluation. The state of the art is reviewed of seismic experimentation and seismic evaluation, and observations and recommendations are provided for future research

Self-assembly of telechelic tyrosine end-capped PEO and poly(alanine) polymers in aqueous solution

The self-assembly in aqueous solution of three novel telechelic conjugates comprising a central hydrophilic polymer and short (trimeric or pentameric) tyrosine end-caps has been investigated. Two of the conjugates have a central poly(oxyethylene) (polyethylene oxide, PEO) central block with different molar masses. The other conjugate has a central poly(l-alanine) (PAla) sequence in a purely amino-acid based conjugate. All three conjugates self-assemble into β-sheet based fibrillar structures, although the fibrillar morphology revealed by cryogenic-TEM is distinct for the three polymers—in particular the Tyr5-PEO6k-Tyr5 forms a population of short straight fibrils in contrast to the more diffuse fibril aggregates observed for Tyr5-PEO2k-Tyr5 and Tyr3-PAla-Tyr3. Hydrogel formation was not observed for these samples (in contrast to prior work on related systems) up to quite high concentrations, showing that it is possible to prepare solutions of peptide–polymer-peptide conjugates with hydrophobic end-caps without conformational constraints associated with hydrogelation. The Tyr5-PEO6k-Tyr5 shows significant PEO crystallization upon drying in contrast to the Tyr5-PEO2k-Tyr5 conjugate. Our findings point to the remarkable ability of short hydrophobic peptide end groups to modulate the self-assembly properties of polymers in solution in model peptide-capped “associative polymers”. Retention of fluidity at high conjugate concentration may be valuable in potential future applications of these conjugates as bioresponsive or biocompatible materials, for example exploiting the enzyme-responsiveness of the tyrosine end-group

Fluid balance and renal replacement therapy initiation strategy : a secondary analysis of the STARRT-AKI trial

Background: Among critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), earlier initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) may mitigate fluid accumulation and confer better outcomes among individuals with greater fluid overload at randomization.Methods: We conducted a pre-planned post hoc analysis of the STandard versus Accelerated initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury (STARRT-AKI) trial. We evaluated the effect of accelerated RRT initiation on cumulative fluid balance over the course of 14 days following randomization using mixed models after censoring for death and ICU discharge. We assessed the modifying effect of baseline fluid balance on the impact of RRT initiation strategy on key clinical outcomes. Patients were categorized in quartiles of baseline fluid balance, and the effect of accelerated versus standard RRT initiation on clinical outcomes was assessed in each quartile using risk ratios (95% CI) for categorical variables and mean differences (95% CI) for continuous variables.Results: Among 2927 patients in the modified intention-to-treat analysis, 2738 had available data on baseline fluid balance and 2716 (92.8%) had at least one day of fluid balance data following randomization. Over the subsequent 14 days, participants allocated to the accelerated strategy had a lower cumulative fluid balance compared to those in the standard strategy (4509 (- 728 to 11,698) versus 5646 (0 to 13,151) mL, p = 0.03). Accelerated RRT initiation did not confer greater 90-day survival in any of the baseline fluid balance quartiles (quartile 1: RR 1.11 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.34), quartile 2: RR 1.03 (0.87 to 1.21); quartile 3: RR 1.08 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.27) and quartile 4: RR 0.87 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.03), p value for trend 0.08).Conclusions: Earlier RRT initiation in critically ill patients with AKI conferred a modest attenuation of cumulative fluid balance. Nonetheless, among patients with greater fluid accumulation at randomization, accelerated RRT initiation did not have an impact on all-cause mortality.Peer reviewe

The Vehicle, Spring 1993

1993 Commemorative Edition: Celebrating 35 Years Table of Contents The Vehicle Editors\u27 Lineagepage 5 Milestonespage 6 THE SIXTIES Coverspage 7 Editors\u27 Notespage 8 Sureness is Never - excerptDon Shepardsonpage 9 SophisticationBenjamin Polkpage 10 A SonnetMignon Stricklandpage 11 The Twenty-Third ChannelBen Polkpage 11 Opposite AttractionsC.E.M. (Christine McColl)page 12 John F. KennedyJoel E. Hendrickspage 13 The Girl on the White PonyLarry Gatespage 14 The TimesW.D.M. (William Moser)page 16 Home ThoughtsJane Careypage 17 1966Roger Zulaufpage 18 Nagging ThoughtJanet Andrewspage 18 THE SEVENTIES Coverspage 19 Editors\u27 Notespage 20 RevolutionsSteve Siegelpage 21 UntitledKristine Kirkhampage 23 The Arithmetic ProblemJanice Forbuspage 23 Willie Seeverson Threw a Worm at MeMary Pipekpage 24 a love poem (by approximation)Ted Baldwinpage 25 Night and Summer in Two WorldsBarry Smithpage 26 Story of a Teenage PickleTerry Louis Schultzpage 27 Danny Lonely, Danny WildDevin Brownpage 28 Always TomorrowMary McDanielpage 29 THE EIGHTIES Coverspage 31 Having ChildrenDevon Flesorpage 33 What is Unnatural Is Sometimes MagicAngelique Jenningspage 34 If My Father Were A Writer, He Would Still BuildAngelique Jenningspage 35 Photo AlbumPatrick Peterspage 36 Poet Born in Pearl HarborAngelique Jenningspage 37 The History of High School BasketballPatrick Peterspage 38 Banana BreadGail Bowerpage 39 Cover LetterBob Zordanipage 40 Home MoviesBob Zordanipage 41 MigrationPatrick Peterspage 42 THE NINETIES Ba, Ba, Black SheepVictoria Bennettpage 45 Daily LessonsJennifer Moropage 49 Folding My OwnLaurie Ann Malispage 51 About the Authorspage 53 Editors\u27 Notespage 56https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1062/thumbnail.jp