360 research outputs found
The limits of conditionality and Europeanization: Turkeyโs dilemmas in adopting the EU acquis on asylum
[From the introduction]. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of โuncertainty over ultimate membershipโ on Schimmelfening and Sedelmeier model of conditionality as a factor that explains Europeanization. It is with this in mind that this paper will examine the โlimits of conditionalityโ with a particular emphasis on Turkish accession. Turkey constitutes a unique case. The prospect of Turkish membership has generated a debate in which a vocal group of actors in Europe resists eventual membership. This in turn is impacting on Turkish public policy makers cost-benefit analysis. At a time when academic interest in Turkish accession in general and Turkeyโs โEuropeanizationโ is increasing an effort to achieve a better understanding of the limits of conditionality is called for. The paper is divided into three sections. The first part offers a brief analysis of Turkeyโs โEuropeanizationโ under the influence of the EUโs political conditionality for starting accession negotiations. This was a period during which it is possible to argue that Schimmelfening and Sedelmeier โexternal incentive modelโ actually helps one to understand and explain the drastic transformation that Turkish domestic politics and foreign policy went through. The second section on the other hand focuses on how the model becomes inadequate to explain the manner in which policy makers in Turkey began to resist certain critical reforms once accession negotiations started. The paper looks in particular at the issue of asylum as a very specific area in which Turkey has to adopt EU rules and implement them. This section will offer a brief analysis of the evolution of the Turkish asylum system and show how Turkish decision makers have reached a point where they are ready to adopt EU rules and requirements but stop short of doing so. The final section attempts to demonstrate how in a very specific policy area the erosion of the EUโs credibility in respect to Turkeyโs ultimate membership is actually weakening the capacity of โconditionalityโ to induce โrule adoptionโ. The paper will conclude that the uncertainty over eventual EU membership and mistrust is keeping public policy makersโ calculation of โgovernmental adoption costsโ prohibitively high while at the same time the Turkish asylum system is itself going through a kind of โEuropeanizationโ
The Method of almost convergence with operator of the form fractional order and applications
The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, basic concepts such as Gamma
function, almost convergence, fractional order difference operator and sequence
spaces are given as a survey character. Thus, the current knowledge about those
concepts are presented. Second, we construct the almost convergent spaces with
fractional order difference operator and compute dual spaces which are help us
in the characterization of matrix mappings. After we characterize to the matrix
transformations, we give some examples.Comment: 20 pages, 4 table
ํธ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ 3์ฐจ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋ด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ฐํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋ฏธ์ ๋ํ ๋์์ธํ๋ถ ๋์์ธ์ ๊ณต, 2019. 2. ๊น์์ .Speculative visualization combines both data visualization methods and aesthetics to draw attention to specific social, political and environmental issues. The speculative data visualization project proposed in this work explores electronic waste trade and the environmental performance of various nations.
Illegal trading of electronic waste without proper disposal and recycling measures has a severe impact on both human health and the environment. This trade can be represented as a network data structure. The overall environmental health and ecosystem vitality of those trading countries, represented by their Environmental Performance Index (EPI), can also give greater insight into this issue. This EPI data has a hierarchical structure. This work explores methods to visualize these two data sets simultaneously in a manner that allows for analytical exploration of the data while communicating its underlying meaning.
This project-based design research specifically focuses on visualizing hierarchical datasets with a node-link type tree structure and suggests a novel data visualization method, called the data garden, to visualize these hierarchical datasets within a spatial network. This draws inspiration from networks found between trees in nature. This is applied to the illegal e-waste trade and environmental datasets to provoke discussion, provide a holistic understanding and improve the peoples awareness on these issues. This uses both analytical data visualization techniques, along with a more aesthetic approach.
The data garden approach is used to create a 3D interactive data visualization that users can use to navigate and explore the data in a meaningful way while also providing an emotional connection to the subject. This is due to the ability of the data garden approach to accurately show the underlying data while also closely mimicking natural structures.
The visualization project intends to encourage creative professionals to create both visually appealing and thought-provoking data visualizations on significant issues that can reach a mass audience and improve awareness of citizens. Additionally, this design research intends to cause further discussion on the role of aesthetics and creative practices in data visualizations.์ฌ๋ณ์ ์๊ฐํ(speculative visualization)๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ฐํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธํ์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ์ฌ ํน์ ํ ์ฌํ, ์ ์น ๋ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ด์ฌ์ ์ ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์
๋๋ค. ์ ์ํ ์ฌ๋ณ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ฐํ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ค์ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ํ๊ฒฝ ์ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ด
๋๋ค.
์ ์ ํ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌํ์ฉ ์กฐ์น๊ฐ ์ด๋ค์ง์ง ์์ ์ ์ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋๋ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ํํํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ๊ณผ์ง์(EPI)๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ค์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ํ๊ณ ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ ๊น์ ํต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ํ๊ฒฝ์ฑ๊ณผ์ง์๋ ๊ณ์ธต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ๋์ด ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ตฌํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋์์ ์๊ฐํํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ๋ฉด์ ๋๋ฌ๋์ง ์๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํ๊ตฌํฉ๋๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก, ๋
ธ๋ ๋งํฌ ์ ํ ํธ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ค์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์์ฐ์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ ์ ์๋ ๋๋ฌด ๊ฐ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ ์๊ฐ์ ์ป์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋คํธ์ํฌ์์ ๊ณ์ธต์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ธํธ๋ฅผ ์๊ฐํํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ ์์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ ์ด ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ฐํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ ์ ์ ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ํ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ ๋ก ์ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ธ์์ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ณ ์ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฏธ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ทผ๊ณผ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ฐํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํฉ๋๋ค.
๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ ์์ ํตํ ์ ๊ทผ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ฐจ์ ๋ํํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ์๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ์ฉ์๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ฏธ ์๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ดํด๋ณด๋ ๋์์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ๊ฒ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ๋ ๋์์ ์์ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด๋ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์
๋๋ค.
๋ณธ ์๊ฐํ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ ์ฐฝ์์ ์ธ ์ ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ค์ํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํด ์๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ ์๊ฐ์ ์๊ทนํ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ฐํ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋์ค์๊ฒ ๋๋ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ฏผ๋ค์ ์ธ์์ ํฅ์ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ๊ถ์ฅํฉ๋๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋ณธ ๋์์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์๊ฐํ์์ ๋ฏธํ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ค์ฒ์ ์ญํ ์ ๋ํ ๋ ๋ง์ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ๊ณ ์ ํฉ๋๋ค.Abstract I
Table of Contents III
List of Figures VI
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Research Background 2
1.2 Research Goal and Method 6
1.3 Terminology 9
2. Hierarchical Relationships: Trees 14
2.1 The History of Tree Diagrams 16
2.1.1 Significance of Trees 16
2.1.2 Aristotles Hierarchical Order of Life 19
2.1.3 Early Religious Depictions of Hierarchical Structures 22
2.1.4 Depicting Evolution 26
2.2 Tree Structures 29
2.3 Tree Layouts 31
3. Complex Relationships: Networks 34
3.1 Attributes of Networks 36
3.1.1 Interdependence and Interconnectedness 38
3.1.2 Decentralization 42
3.1.3 Nonlinearity 45
3.1.4 Multiplicity 46
3.2 Spatial Networks 46
3.3 Combining Tree Structures and Networks 48
4. Design Study Goals and Criteria 51
4.1 Objectives of the Design Study 71
4.2 Data Visualization Approaches 54
4.3 Criteria of Data Visualization 57
4.3.1 Aesthetics 58
4.3.2 Information Visualization Principles 62
4.3.2.1 Visual Cues in Data Visualization 62
4.3.2.2 Gestalt Principles 65
4.3.2.3 Increasing Efficiency of Network Visualizations 67
4.4 Case Study 70
5. Design Study: Data Garden Method 78
5.1 Concept of the Data Garden Structure 79
5.2 Data Garden Tree Structure 84
5.2.1 360ยฐVertical Branches 85
5.2.2 Break Point of the Branches 87
5.2.3 Aligning Hierarchy Levels 89
5.2.3.1 Design 01 โ Extend Method 90
5.2.3.2 Design 02 โ Collapse Method 91
5.2.4 Node Placement Technique 92
5.3 Conveying 3D Information 95
6. Design Study: Visualization Project 98
6.1 Theme 99
6.1.1 E-waste Trade 100
6.1.2 Environmental Performance Index 102
6.2 Visual Design Concept 104
6.3 Assigning Attributes 105
6.4 Visual Design Process 107
6.4.1 Leaf (Node) Design Process 107
6.4.1.1 Leaf Inspiration 107
6.4.1.2 Leaf Design 108
6.4.1.3 Leaf Area Calculation and Alignment 113
6.4.2 Stem (Branch) Design Process 116
6.4.3 Root (Link) Design Process 117
6.5 Interaction Design 118
6.5.1 Navigation 118
6.5.2 User Interface 119
6.5.3 Free and Detail Modes 120
6.5.4 Data Details 121
6.6 Visualization Renders 122
6.7 Exhibition 129
7. Conclusion 131
7.1 Conclusion 132
7.2 Limitations and Further Research 133
Bibliography 135
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก (Abstract in Korean) 144Docto
A field method for predicting the draught forces of tillage implements.
A literature review was conducted on several models which have been developed, based on Terzaghi's passive earth pressure theory, to describe the forces acting upon tillage implements during tillage operations. These models require a knowledge of cohesion (c) and angle of internal shearing resistance (cp) data which are not easy to obtain especially in remote areas.
The main objective of the study was to establish a prediction model for the
draught force required for a range of primary tillage implements under different field and soil conditions. The data obtained from the model were used to investigate whether the model was adequate for the mechanisation planning of the GAP region (South Eastern Anatolia Integrated Development Project) in Tiirkiye where by the year 2012, approximately 1.7 million ha ofland will be opened to irrigation.
An effective three-point linkage dynamometer system was developed to measure the draught of implements under different soil conditions. The system consists of bi-axial Linkage Extended Octagonal Ring Transducers (LEORTs) for the lower links, a modified top link and a rotary position transducer sensing the angle of the crossshaft,
together with a 21x datalogger and a portable computer. All transducers outputs
were repeatable and linear with a co'efficient of determination of ~ 0.999. The output hysteresis effect was small for all transducers; the largest deviation from the mean was 1.006 % [f.s.] which occurred in the top link. Cross-sensitivity errors for the LEORTs
were not significant at a maximum of 0.001 J.lV V-IN-I.
A spreadsheet model was developed in order to download the data from the instrumentation system to the computer. The model is user friendly and can be used to calculate and plot the forces on the linkage system.
Field experiments were conducted to determine draught force requirements of
tillage implements such as a disc plough, mouldboard plough, chisel and subsoiler both under sandy loam soil conditions in UK and clay soil conditions in Tiirkiye. The standard tine which has a 450 rake angle was used as a reference tine. The field tests were Gonducted to examine the validation of a model for different soil conditions in UK such as dry, wet, light and heavy soil conditions
The Consequences of Chaos
The Syrian displacement crisis raises fundamental questions about the relationship between action to resolve conflicts and humanitarian aid to assist the victims and demonstrates the limits of humanitarian response, even on a massive scale, to resolve political crises. The increasingly protracted nature of the crisis also raises the need for the international community to think beyond just relief assistance and adopt developmental policies to help refugees become productive members of their host communities. The Consequences of Chaos looks beyond the ever-increasing numbers of Syria's uprooted population to consider the long-term economic, political, and social implications of this massive movement of people
Correlation Coefficients of Fermatean Fuzzy Sets with a Medical Application
The FFS is an influential extension of the available IFS and PFS, whose benefit is to better exhaustively characterize ambiguous information. For FFSs, the correlation between them is usually evaluated by the correlation coefficient. To reflect the perspective of professionals, in this paper, a new correlation coefficient of FFSs is proposed and investigated. The correlation coefficient is very important and frequently used in every field from engineering to economics, from technology to science. In this paper, we propose a new correlation coefficient and weighted correlation coefficient formularization to evaluate the affair between two FFSs. A numerical example of diagnosis has been gotten to represent the efficiency of the presented approximation. Outcomes calculated by the presented approximation are compared with the available indices
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Mobilisation of support for the Palestinian cause : A comparative study of political change at the communal, regional and global levels
Those who study world politics are divided between the traditional Realist paradigm, which depicts an international political system dominated by states involved in a 'power struggle' in pursuit of their 'national interest', and an emergent approach that includes in the analysis a wider range of political actors and defines the nature of politics very differently.The latter approach sees the central process of world politics as being the mobilisation of support in respect to the composition of the global political agenda and contest over the various issue positions. This thesis examines the Palestinian Question as a case study of a mobilisation process, that involved a non-state actor playing a crucial role in introducing to the global agenda an issue previously of low salience to other actors. The Palestinian Question throughout the 1950s and 1960s was treated on the global political agenda as a by-product of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It was perceived as a 'refugee problem', the solution of which was envisaged within an overall settlement of the A.rab-Israeli conflict. Yet, within less than a decade of the re-appearance of an indigenous Palestinian national movement a significant section of the international political system changed its attitude towards the Palestinian problem. It was not any more perceived simply as a 'refugee problem' but one of 'self-determination'. In this thesis the analysis of the mobilisation process that brought the Palestinian issue to the forefront of the world political agenda is guided by a dynamic model applied to four different levels of analysis. The first level is constituted by the Palestinian community. Then there is the Arab governmental level. The third level is made up of various regional groupings, such as the Non-Aligned, the Latin Americans, the European Community and the East Europeans. The final level is the global one, represented by the United Nations political system. The analysis reveals the dynamic and interactive nature of the mobilisation process across different levels of analysis and the way in which the different positions held on the Palestinian issue have converged towards a relatively common stand
Developmental trajectory classes in psychological dysregulation predict later decision-making competence
Adolescence and emerging adulthood are developmental periods associated with increased risk taking, including alcohol and substance use and antisocial behaviors. Typical psychological growth from adolescence into early adulthood reflects increases in traits related to psychological regulation (e.g., greater emotional stability and less impulsivity), which are typically considered protective factors against risk behaviors. However, individuals may vary greatly in their development of these characteristics. This study examines the degree to which heterogeneity in developmental trajectories of psychological regulation are associated with later performance on decision-making skills battery. In this study, psychological regulation was assessed at age 10โ12, with follow-up assessments at 14, 16, and 19 years. At age 19, we administered the Youth Decision-Making Competence (DMC; Parker & Fischhoff, 2005) measure. Correlational analyses revealed that lower psychological regulation, as early as age 10, was associated with lower DMC scores. A latent class growth mixture model yielded three distinct developmental trajectory classes of psychological dysregulation: (a) a Moderate-Stable group, a modal class that demonstrated stable and average regulative tendencies throughout adolescence, (b) a Low-Decreasing group, which demonstrated greater self-regulation throughout childhood, and a (c) High-Increasing group, which demonstrated low self-regulative tendencies (higher dysregulation) at age 10 that became increasingly dysregulated throughout adolescence. Individuals in the High-Increasing group demonstrated lower DMC performance than those in the Moderate-Stable and Low-Decreasing groups. Our findings also reinforce past work that indicates considerable individual differences in intra-individual change across adolescence, and that early patterns of psychological dysregulation development can impact later decision-making tendencies
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