The limits of conditionality and Europeanization: Turkey’s dilemmas in adopting the EU acquis on asylum

[From the introduction]. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of “uncertainty over ultimate membership” on Schimmelfening and Sedelmeier model of conditionality as a factor that explains Europeanization. It is with this in mind that this paper will examine the “limits of conditionality” with a particular emphasis on Turkish accession. Turkey constitutes a unique case. The prospect of Turkish membership has generated a debate in which a vocal group of actors in Europe resists eventual membership. This in turn is impacting on Turkish public policy makers cost-benefit analysis. At a time when academic interest in Turkish accession in general and Turkey’s “Europeanization” is increasing an effort to achieve a better understanding of the limits of conditionality is called for. The paper is divided into three sections. The first part offers a brief analysis of Turkey’s “Europeanization” under the influence of the EU’s political conditionality for starting accession negotiations. This was a period during which it is possible to argue that Schimmelfening and Sedelmeier “external incentive model” actually helps one to understand and explain the drastic transformation that Turkish domestic politics and foreign policy went through. The second section on the other hand focuses on how the model becomes inadequate to explain the manner in which policy makers in Turkey began to resist certain critical reforms once accession negotiations started. The paper looks in particular at the issue of asylum as a very specific area in which Turkey has to adopt EU rules and implement them. This section will offer a brief analysis of the evolution of the Turkish asylum system and show how Turkish decision makers have reached a point where they are ready to adopt EU rules and requirements but stop short of doing so. The final section attempts to demonstrate how in a very specific policy area the erosion of the EU’s credibility in respect to Turkey’s ultimate membership is actually weakening the capacity of “conditionality” to induce “rule adoption”. The paper will conclude that the uncertainty over eventual EU membership and mistrust is keeping public policy makers’ calculation of “governmental adoption costs” prohibitively high while at the same time the Turkish asylum system is itself going through a kind of “Europeanization”

The Method of almost convergence with operator of the form fractional order and applications

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, basic concepts such as Gamma function, almost convergence, fractional order difference operator and sequence spaces are given as a survey character. Thus, the current knowledge about those concepts are presented. Second, we construct the almost convergent spaces with fractional order difference operator and compute dual spaces which are help us in the characterization of matrix mappings. After we characterize to the matrix transformations, we give some examples.Comment: 20 pages, 4 table

트리 구조를 이용한 3차원 공간 내 데이터 시각화 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 미술대학 디자인학부 디자인전공, 2019. 2. 김수정.Speculative visualization combines both data visualization methods and aesthetics to draw attention to specific social, political and environmental issues. The speculative data visualization project proposed in this work explores electronic waste trade and the environmental performance of various nations. Illegal trading of electronic waste without proper disposal and recycling measures has a severe impact on both human health and the environment. This trade can be represented as a network data structure. The overall environmental health and ecosystem vitality of those trading countries, represented by their Environmental Performance Index (EPI), can also give greater insight into this issue. This EPI data has a hierarchical structure. This work explores methods to visualize these two data sets simultaneously in a manner that allows for analytical exploration of the data while communicating its underlying meaning. This project-based design research specifically focuses on visualizing hierarchical datasets with a node-link type tree structure and suggests a novel data visualization method, called the data garden, to visualize these hierarchical datasets within a spatial network. This draws inspiration from networks found between trees in nature. This is applied to the illegal e-waste trade and environmental datasets to provoke discussion, provide a holistic understanding and improve the peoples awareness on these issues. This uses both analytical data visualization techniques, along with a more aesthetic approach. The data garden approach is used to create a 3D interactive data visualization that users can use to navigate and explore the data in a meaningful way while also providing an emotional connection to the subject. This is due to the ability of the data garden approach to accurately show the underlying data while also closely mimicking natural structures. The visualization project intends to encourage creative professionals to create both visually appealing and thought-provoking data visualizations on significant issues that can reach a mass audience and improve awareness of citizens. Additionally, this design research intends to cause further discussion on the role of aesthetics and creative practices in data visualizations.사변적 시각화(speculative visualization)는 데이터 시각화 방법과 미학을 결합하여 특정한 사회, 정치 및 환경 문제에 관심을 유도하는 것입니다. 제안한 사변적 데이터 시각화 프로젝트를 통해 다양한 국가의 전자 폐기물 거래와 환경 성과를 살펴봅니다. 적절한 처리와 재활용 조치가 이뤄지지 않은 전자폐기물의 불법 거래는 환경과 인간에 심각한 영향을 미칩니다. 이 거래는 네트워크 데이터 구조로 표현할 수 있습니다. 환경성과지수(EPI)를 통해 이 거래에 참여하는 국가들의 전반적인 환경 보건과 생태계 활력을 살펴보는 것은 이 문제에 더 깊은 통찰력을 제공할 수 있습니다. 이 환경성과지수는 계층 구조로 되어 있습니다. 이 연구는 데이터를 분석적으로 탐구할 수 있도록 하는 방법을 통해 두 가지 데이터를 동시에 시각화하고, 이를 통해 표면에 드러나지 않는 데이터의 의미를 전달하는 방법을 탐구합니다. 본 연구는 프로젝트를 기반으로 하는 디자인 연구로, 노드 링크 유형 트리 구조를 통해 계층적 데이터를 시각화하는 것에 중점을 두고 있습니다. 자연에서 발견할 수 있는 나무 간 네트워크에서 영감을 얻어 공간 네트워크에서 계층적 데이터 세트를 시각화합니다. 데이터 정원이라고 하는 이 새로운 데이터 시각화 방법을 불법 전자 폐기물 거래와 환경 데이터에 적용하여 토론을 유발하고 전체적인 이해를 제공하며 이러한 문제에 대한 사람들의 인식을 개선하고자 합니다. 이는 보다 미적인 접근과 분석적 데이터 시각화 기술을 모두 사용합니다. 데이터 정원을 통한 접근으로 삼차원 대화형 데이터 시각화를 만들 수 있습니다. 이 시각화를 통해 사용자는 데이터를 의미 있는 방식으로 살펴보는 동시에 주제와 감성적인 연결을 받을 수 있습니다. 이는 데이터 정원 방법이 데이터를 정확하게 보여주는 동시에 자연 구조를 면밀하게 모방하기 때문입니다. 본 시각화 프로젝트는 창의적인 전문가들이 중요한 문제에 대해 시각적으로 매력적이고 생각을 자극하는 데이터 시각화를 만들어 대중에게 도달하고 시민들의 인식을 향상할 수 있도록 권장합니다. 또한, 본 디자인 연구는 데이터 시각화에서 미학과 창조적인 실천의 역할에 대한 더 많은 논의를 유도하고자 합니다.Abstract I Table of Contents III List of Figures VI 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 2 1.2 Research Goal and Method 6 1.3 Terminology 9 2. Hierarchical Relationships: Trees 14 2.1 The History of Tree Diagrams 16 2.1.1 Significance of Trees 16 2.1.2 Aristotles Hierarchical Order of Life 19 2.1.3 Early Religious Depictions of Hierarchical Structures 22 2.1.4 Depicting Evolution 26 2.2 Tree Structures 29 2.3 Tree Layouts 31 3. Complex Relationships: Networks 34 3.1 Attributes of Networks 36 3.1.1 Interdependence and Interconnectedness 38 3.1.2 Decentralization 42 3.1.3 Nonlinearity 45 3.1.4 Multiplicity 46 3.2 Spatial Networks 46 3.3 Combining Tree Structures and Networks 48 4. Design Study Goals and Criteria 51 4.1 Objectives of the Design Study 71 4.2 Data Visualization Approaches 54 4.3 Criteria of Data Visualization 57 4.3.1 Aesthetics 58 4.3.2 Information Visualization Principles 62 4.3.2.1 Visual Cues in Data Visualization 62 4.3.2.2 Gestalt Principles 65 4.3.2.3 Increasing Efficiency of Network Visualizations 67 4.4 Case Study 70 5. Design Study: Data Garden Method 78 5.1 Concept of the Data Garden Structure 79 5.2 Data Garden Tree Structure 84 5.2.1 360°Vertical Branches 85 5.2.2 Break Point of the Branches 87 5.2.3 Aligning Hierarchy Levels 89 5.2.3.1 Design 01 – Extend Method 90 5.2.3.2 Design 02 – Collapse Method 91 5.2.4 Node Placement Technique 92 5.3 Conveying 3D Information 95 6. Design Study: Visualization Project 98 6.1 Theme 99 6.1.1 E-waste Trade 100 6.1.2 Environmental Performance Index 102 6.2 Visual Design Concept 104 6.3 Assigning Attributes 105 6.4 Visual Design Process 107 6.4.1 Leaf (Node) Design Process 107 6.4.1.1 Leaf Inspiration 107 6.4.1.2 Leaf Design 108 6.4.1.3 Leaf Area Calculation and Alignment 113 6.4.2 Stem (Branch) Design Process 116 6.4.3 Root (Link) Design Process 117 6.5 Interaction Design 118 6.5.1 Navigation 118 6.5.2 User Interface 119 6.5.3 Free and Detail Modes 120 6.5.4 Data Details 121 6.6 Visualization Renders 122 6.7 Exhibition 129 7. Conclusion 131 7.1 Conclusion 132 7.2 Limitations and Further Research 133 Bibliography 135 국문초록 (Abstract in Korean) 144Docto

A field method for predicting the draught forces of tillage implements.

A literature review was conducted on several models which have been developed, based on Terzaghi's passive earth pressure theory, to describe the forces acting upon tillage implements during tillage operations. These models require a knowledge of cohesion (c) and angle of internal shearing resistance (cp) data which are not easy to obtain especially in remote areas. The main objective of the study was to establish a prediction model for the draught force required for a range of primary tillage implements under different field and soil conditions. The data obtained from the model were used to investigate whether the model was adequate for the mechanisation planning of the GAP region (South Eastern Anatolia Integrated Development Project) in Tiirkiye where by the year 2012, approximately 1.7 million ha ofland will be opened to irrigation. An effective three-point linkage dynamometer system was developed to measure the draught of implements under different soil conditions. The system consists of bi-axial Linkage Extended Octagonal Ring Transducers (LEORTs) for the lower links, a modified top link and a rotary position transducer sensing the angle of the crossshaft, together with a 21x datalogger and a portable computer. All transducers outputs were repeatable and linear with a co'efficient of determination of ~ 0.999. The output hysteresis effect was small for all transducers; the largest deviation from the mean was 1.006 % [f.s.] which occurred in the top link. Cross-sensitivity errors for the LEORTs were not significant at a maximum of 0.001 J.lV V-IN-I. A spreadsheet model was developed in order to download the data from the instrumentation system to the computer. The model is user friendly and can be used to calculate and plot the forces on the linkage system. Field experiments were conducted to determine draught force requirements of tillage implements such as a disc plough, mouldboard plough, chisel and subsoiler both under sandy loam soil conditions in UK and clay soil conditions in Tiirkiye. The standard tine which has a 450 rake angle was used as a reference tine. The field tests were Gonducted to examine the validation of a model for different soil conditions in UK such as dry, wet, light and heavy soil conditions

The Consequences of Chaos

The Syrian displacement crisis raises fundamental questions about the relationship between action to resolve conflicts and humanitarian aid to assist the victims and demonstrates the limits of humanitarian response, even on a massive scale, to resolve political crises. The increasingly protracted nature of the crisis also raises the need for the international community to think beyond just relief assistance and adopt developmental policies to help refugees become productive members of their host communities. The Consequences of Chaos looks beyond the ever-increasing numbers of Syria's uprooted population to consider the long-term economic, political, and social implications of this massive movement of people

Correlation Coefficients of Fermatean Fuzzy Sets with a Medical Application

The FFS is an influential extension of the available IFS and PFS, whose benefit is to better exhaustively characterize ambiguous information. For FFSs, the correlation between them is usually evaluated by the correlation coefficient. To reflect the perspective of professionals, in this paper, a new correlation coefficient of FFSs is proposed and investigated. The correlation coefficient is very important and frequently used in every field from engineering to economics, from technology to science. In this paper, we propose a new correlation coefficient and weighted correlation coefficient formularization to evaluate the affair between two FFSs. A numerical example of diagnosis has been gotten to represent the efficiency of the presented approximation. Outcomes calculated by the presented approximation are compared with the available indices

Mobilisation of support for the Palestinian cause : A comparative study of political change at the communal, regional and global levels

Those who study world politics are divided between the traditional Realist paradigm, which depicts an international political system dominated by states involved in a 'power struggle' in pursuit of their 'national interest', and an emergent approach that includes in the analysis a wider range of political actors and defines the nature of politics very differently.The latter approach sees the central process of world politics as being the mobilisation of support in respect to the composition of the global political agenda and contest over the various issue positions. This thesis examines the Palestinian Question as a case study of a mobilisation process, that involved a non-state actor playing a crucial role in introducing to the global agenda an issue previously of low salience to other actors. The Palestinian Question throughout the 1950s and 1960s was treated on the global political agenda as a by-product of the Arab-Israeli conflict. It was perceived as a 'refugee problem', the solution of which was envisaged within an overall settlement of the A.rab-Israeli conflict. Yet, within less than a decade of the re-appearance of an indigenous Palestinian national movement a significant section of the international political system changed its attitude towards the Palestinian problem. It was not any more perceived simply as a 'refugee problem' but one of 'self-determination'. In this thesis the analysis of the mobilisation process that brought the Palestinian issue to the forefront of the world political agenda is guided by a dynamic model applied to four different levels of analysis. The first level is constituted by the Palestinian community. Then there is the Arab governmental level. The third level is made up of various regional groupings, such as the Non-Aligned, the Latin Americans, the European Community and the East Europeans. The final level is the global one, represented by the United Nations political system. The analysis reveals the dynamic and interactive nature of the mobilisation process across different levels of analysis and the way in which the different positions held on the Palestinian issue have converged towards a relatively common stand

Developmental trajectory classes in psychological dysregulation predict later decision-making competence

Adolescence and emerging adulthood are developmental periods associated with increased risk taking, including alcohol and substance use and antisocial behaviors. Typical psychological growth from adolescence into early adulthood reflects increases in traits related to psychological regulation (e.g., greater emotional stability and less impulsivity), which are typically considered protective factors against risk behaviors. However, individuals may vary greatly in their development of these characteristics. This study examines the degree to which heterogeneity in developmental trajectories of psychological regulation are associated with later performance on decision-making skills battery. In this study, psychological regulation was assessed at age 10–12, with follow-up assessments at 14, 16, and 19 years. At age 19, we administered the Youth Decision-Making Competence (DMC; Parker & Fischhoff, 2005) measure. Correlational analyses revealed that lower psychological regulation, as early as age 10, was associated with lower DMC scores. A latent class growth mixture model yielded three distinct developmental trajectory classes of psychological dysregulation: (a) a Moderate-Stable group, a modal class that demonstrated stable and average regulative tendencies throughout adolescence, (b) a Low-Decreasing group, which demonstrated greater self-regulation throughout childhood, and a (c) High-Increasing group, which demonstrated low self-regulative tendencies (higher dysregulation) at age 10 that became increasingly dysregulated throughout adolescence. Individuals in the High-Increasing group demonstrated lower DMC performance than those in the Moderate-Stable and Low-Decreasing groups. Our findings also reinforce past work that indicates considerable individual differences in intra-individual change across adolescence, and that early patterns of psychological dysregulation development can impact later decision-making tendencies