96 research outputs found
Generalized dynamics of moving dislocations in quasicrystals
A theoretical framework for dislocation dynamics in quasicrystals is provided
according to the continuum theory of dislocations. Firstly, we present the
fundamental theory for moving dislocations in quasicrystals giving the
dislocation density tensors and introducing the dislocation current tensors for
the phonon and phason fields, including the Bianchi identities. Next, we give
the equations of motion for the incompatible elastodynamics as well as for the
incompatible elasto-hydrodynamics of quasicrystals. We continue with the
derivation of the balance law of pseudomomentum thereby obtaining the
generalized forms of the Eshelby stress tensor, the pseudomomentum vector, the
dynamical Peach-Koehler force density and the Cherepanov force density for
quasicrystals. The form of the dynamical Peach-Koehler force for a straight
dislocation is obtained as well. Moreover, we deduce the balance law of energy
that gives rise to the generalized forms of the field intensity vector and the
elastic power density of quasicrystals. The above balance laws are produced for
both models. The differences between the two models and their consequences are
revealed. The influences of the phason fields as well as of the dynamical terms
are also discussed.Comment: 19 pages, to appear in: Journal of Physics: Condensed Matte
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Material Issues in Layered Forming
A brief overview of key issues in layered thermal processing is given. Incremental sintering
and layered fusion ofpowder and molten droplets are discussed. The criteria for remelting the solid
substrate are derivedfrom a one dimensional heat transfer model. Temperature gradients which
occur during solidification and subsequent cooling. are responsible for the build up of internal
stresses which can be estimated through establishing an elastic beam model. The difficulties as well
as opportunities regarding the generation of multi-layer multi-material structures are also described
in this article.Mechanical Engineerin
Solar thermal component activation
Wall and roof components made of steel sandwich elements are firmly established in industrial and commercial construction. They are cost-effective and characterized by excellent physical properties. Here, hybrid approaches from heating- and cooling ceiling construction were examined for the solar thermal activation of sandwich elements. Besides the implementation of the solar components, the connection to and the optimization of the system technology was focused. In addition, alternative piping materials were investigated numerically and experimentally. The performance as well as the static and thermo-hydraulic behavior of the new active components were simulatively and experimentally examined, and the economic viability of the variants was also checked. With the newly developed solar sandwich elements, an overall energy concept was developed with connection variants to the building services system, control and storage technology. Steel sandwich elements with mineral fiber core are well suited for the hidden integration of component parts such as pipe registers and heat conducting plates. The functionality of the component has been proven, the implementation of heat exchanger leads to considerable heat gains. In combination with a brine-to-water heat pump system, the solar panel can provide for a more sustainable operation and a significant size reduction of the geothermal source
Reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung, ZwischenfrĂŒchte und Transfermulch fĂŒr einen bodenregenerierenden Anbau
Spezialisierung, Intensivierung und Ăkonomisierung erschweren Bodenstrukturverbesserung und den Pflanzenschutz im ökologischen Landbau. Um die nachhaltigen Ziele des Ăkolandbaus zu erreichen muss parallel eine ökologische Intensivierung stattfinden. Durch ZwischenfrĂŒchte, reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Mulch aus GrĂŒndĂŒngern soll der Bodenzustand wĂ€hrend des Anbaus verbessert, Erosion vermieden und der Pflanzenschutzaufwand verringert werden, fĂŒr einen resilienten Anbau. In dem Workshop werden Akteure aus Praxis, Beratung und Wissenschaft ihre Erkenntnisse zum bodenschonenden Anbau zusammenfassen. In Arbeitsgruppen werden Fragen der Umsetzung, Herausforderungen und einer Vernetzung erörtert. Die abschlieĂende Diskussion bietet Raum um offene Fragen und WiedersprĂŒche zu debattieren
Evidence for an elementary process in bone plasticity with an activation enthalpy of 1âeV
The molecular mechanisms for plastic deformation of bone tissue are not well understood. We analysed temperature and strain-rate dependence of the tensile deformation behaviour in fibrolamellar bone, using a technique originally developed for studying plastic deformation in metals. We show that, beyond the elastic regime, bone is highly strain-rate sensitive, with an activation volume of ca 0.6ânm3. We find an activation energy of 1.1âeV associated with the basic step involved in the plastic deformation of bone at the molecular level. This is much higher than the energy of hydrogen bonds, but it is lower than the energy required for breaking covalent bonds inside the collagen fibrils. Based on the magnitude of these quantities, we speculate that disruption of electrostatic bonds between polyelectrolyte molecules in the extrafibrillar matrix of bone, perhaps mediated by polyvalent ions such as calcium, may be the rate-limiting elementary step in bone plasticity
Lithographic performance of ZEP520A and mr-PosEBR resists exposed by electron beam and extreme ultraviolet lithography
Pattern transfer by deep anisotropic etch is a well-established technique for
fabrication of nanoscale devices and structures. For this technique to be
effective, the resist material plays a key role and must have high resolution,
reasonable sensitivity and high etch selectivity against the conventional
silicon substrate or underlayer film. In this work, the lithographic
performance of two high etch resistance materials was evaluated: ZEP520A
(Nippon Zeon Co.) and mr-PosEBR (micro resist technology GmbH). Both materials
are positive tone, polymer-based and non-chemically amplified resists. Two
exposure techniques were used: electron beam lithography (EBL) and extreme
ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. These resists were originally designed for EBL
patterning, where high quality patterning at sub-100 nm resolution was
previously demonstrated. In the scope of this work, we also aim to validate
their extendibility to EUV for high resolution and large area patterning. To
this purpose, the same EBL process conditions were employed at EUV. The figures
of merit, i.e. dose to clear, dose to size, and resolution, were extracted and
these results are discussed systematically. It was found that both materials
are very fast at EUV (dose to clear lower than 12 mJ/cm2) and are capable of
resolving dense lines/space arrays with a resolution of 25 nm half-pitch. The
quality of patterns was also very good and the sidewall roughness was below 6
nm. Interestingly, the general-purpose process used for EBL can be extended
straightforwardly to EUV lithography with comparable high quality and yield.
Our findings open new possibilities for lithographers who wish to devise novel
fabrication schemes exploiting EUV for fabrication of nanostructures by deep
etch pattern transfer.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures, 3 table
Organische Bodenschadstoffe (POPs) entlang eines Höhenprofils im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden
Persistente Organische Schadstoffe (POPs) können auf eine Vielzahl an Emittenten zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt werden und sind mitt-lerweile global in der Umwelt anzutreffen. Im Projekt POP-Alp wurden die Bodenkonzentrationen von POPs, u.a. von Dioxinen und Furanen (PCDD/F), fĂŒr ein Höhenprofil zwischen ca. 800 m und 1500 m Höhe erfasst. Im Auflagehumus steigen die PCDD/F-Gehalte mit zunehmender GelĂ€ndehöhe an. HierfĂŒr sind vermutlich sowohl klimatische als auch standortbezoge-ne Effekte verantwortlich. Diese beeinflussen Depositions- und Abbaumechanismen und spiegeln sich auch in einer entsprechenden Höhenverteilung des organischen Kohlenstoff-gehalts wider. Der spezifische Stoffabbau, die Re-Emission und kalte Kondensation von PCDD/F sollten fĂŒr ein besseres ProzessverstĂ€ndnis nĂ€her untersucht werden
Ageing bone fractures: the case of a ductile to brittle transition that shifts with age
Human bone becomes increasingly brittle with ageing. Bones also fracture differently under slow and fast loadings, being ductile and brittle, respectively. The effects of a combination of these two factors have never been examined before. Here we show that cortical bone is most fracture-resistant at the physiologically prevalent intermediate strain rates of 10â3 sâ1 to 10â2 sâ1 such as they occur in walking or running, slightly weaker at slower quasistatic and much weaker at fast impact loading rates. In young cortical bone (15 years of age) the ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) occurs at strain rates of 10â2 sâ1, in old cortical bone (85 yrs) at speeds lower by a factor of 10 to 40. Other research has shown that the energy required to break bone (per unit of fracture surface) drops as much as 60% between these two ages. Therefore, DBT seems to compound the well-known phenomenon of âbrittle old bonesâ. Old bones can only cope with slow movement, young ones with both slow and fast movement. These observed material characteristics of (i) a shift of the DBT and (ii) a reduced energy absorption capacity appear to contribute at least as much to the loss of bone quality as the various quantity based (lowered bone density and mineral content) explanations of the past. They also provide a new powerful paradigm, which allows us to demonstrate mechanically, and uniquely, how human bone becomes increasingly brittle with age
Timescales of self-healing in human bone tissue and polymeric ionic liquids
Strain (stress-free) relaxation in mechanically prestrained bone has a time constant of 75 s. It occurs by a reorganization of the proteoglycan-glycoprotein matrix between collagen fibers, which requires ionic interactions. Dissolving and relinking the ionic bonds is thus an important tool of nature to enable plastic deformation and to develop self-healing tissues. A way to transfer this approach to technical materials is the attachment of ionic end groups to polymeric chains. In these classes of materials, the so-called polymeric ionic liquids, structural recovery of thermally disorganized material is observed. A time constant between minutes and a week could be achieved, also by ionic rearrangement. The same mechanism, rearrangement of ionic bonds, can lead to vastly different relaxation times when the ionic interaction is varied by exchange of the cationic end groups or the anions
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