Movement of transplanted adult salmonids in previously inaccessible habitat in the Elwha River

The removal of the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams on the Elwha River will renew access for anadromous salmonids to 70 miles of high quality habitat located primarily within Olympic National Park. Concurrent dam removals began in 2011, with complete fish passage projected in 2014. While the long-term benefits to anadromous populations are undisputed, release of stored sediment behind the dams is temporarily elevating suspended solids and degrading existing spawning habitat downstream of the Elwha dam. To minimize deleterious effects in the lower river, give populations an early opportunity to spawn and imprint on upstream habitats, and examine the response of anadromous fish to the newly available areas, Chinook and coho salmon and steelhead were moved upstream of Elwha and Glines Canyon dams in 2011 and 2012. We radiotagged and tracked 20 adult Chinook salmon, 47 adult coho salmon, and 37 steelhead to determine spatial and temporal movements and spawning in tributaries and the main stem river. An additional 10 coho and 1 chum salmon were tagged in the lower river and released to continue their migration. Fish movements were monitored using fixed sites and mobile tracking. We also observed substantial volitional fallback and subsequent spawning or migrational movement in the lower river by all both Chinook and coho salmon. Kelting behavior was common in tagged steelhead. We observed coho salmon and steelhead redds in Little River, Indian Creek, the mainstem Elwha River, and side channels of the river. Two Chinook redds were seen in the area upstream of Glines Canyon Dam. Tributaries seeded with adults retained spawers while mainstem releases provided for more exploratory migrational movements. The offspring from these relocated adults will have direct outmigration access to the ocean and the river will be open for upstream migration when they return as adults. Transplanting adult salmonids is labor intensive and requires source populations from downstream for seeding, but can result in spawning activity in new areas and can be managed to include hatchery and wild fish to supplement naturally occurring colonizations

Enhanced nonlinear refractive index in ε-near-zero materials

New propagation regimes for light arise from the ability to tune the dielectric permittivity to extremely low values. Here, we demonstrate a universal approach based on the low linear permittivity values attained in the ε-near-zero (ENZ) regime for enhancing the nonlinear refractive index, which enables remarkable light-induced changes of the material properties. Experiments performed on Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films show a sixfold increase of the Kerr nonlinear refractive index (n2) at the ENZ wavelength, located in the 1300 nm region. This in turn leads to ultrafast light-induced refractive index changes of the order of unity, thus representing a new paradigm for nonlinear optics.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

UK vaccines network:Mapping priority pathogens of epidemic potential and vaccine pipeline developments

During the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa an expert panel was established on the instructions of the UK Prime Minister to identify priority pathogens for outbreak diseases that had the potential to cause future epidemics. A total of 13 priority pathogens were identified, which led to the prioritisation of spending in emerging diseases vaccine research and development from the UK. This meeting report summarises the process used to develop the UK pathogen priority list, compares it to lists generated by other organisations (World Health Organisation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) and summarises clinical progress towards the development of vaccines against priority diseases. There is clear technical progress towards the development of vaccines. However, the availability of these vaccines will be dependent on sustained funding for clinical trials and the preparation of clinically acceptable manufactured material during inter-epidemic periods

Population mixing for leukaemia, lymphoma and CNS tumours in teenagers and young adults in England, 1996-2005

Background: Little aetiological epidemiological research has been undertaken for major cancers occurring in teenagers and young adults (TYA). Population mixing, as a possible proxy for infectious exposure, has been well researched for childhood malignancies. We aimed to investigate effects of population mixing in this older age group using an English national cancer dataset.Methods: Cases of leukaemia, lymphoma and central nervous system (CNS) tumours amongst 15-24 year olds in England (diagnosed 1996-2005) were included in the study. Data were obtained by ward of diagnosis and linked to 1991 census variables including population mixing (Shannon index); data on person-weighted population density and deprivation (Townsend score) were also used and considered as explanatory variables. Associations between TYA cancer incidence and census variables were investigated using negative binomial regression, and results presented as incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results: A total of 6251 cases of leukaemia (21%), lymphoma (49%) and CNS tumours (30%) were analysed. Higher levels of population mixing were associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of CNS tumours (IRR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.75-0.91), accounted for by astrocytomas and 'other CNS tumours'; however, there was no association with leukaemia or lymphoma. Incidence of CNS tumours and lymphoma was 3% lower in more deprived areas (IRR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96-0.99 and IRR = 0.97, 95% CI =0.96-0.98 respectively). Population density was not associated with the incidence of leukaemia, lymphoma or CNS tumours.Conclusions: Our results suggest a possible role for environmental risk factors with population correlates in the aetiology of CNS tumours amongst TYAs. Unlike studies of childhood cancer, associations between population mixing and the incidence of leukaemia and lymphoma were not observed

Enhanced Nonlinear Refractive Index in epsilon-Near-Zero Materials

New propagation regimes for light arise from the ability to tune the dielectric permittivity to extremely low values. Here, we demonstrate a universal approach based on the low linear permittivity values attained in the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) regime for enhancing the nonlinear refractive index, which enables remarkable light-induced changes of the material properties. Experiments performed on Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films show a sixfold increase of the Kerr nonlinear refractive index (n(2)) at the ENZ wavelength, located in the 1300 nm region. This in turn leads to ultrafast light-induced refractive index changes of the order of unity, thus representing a new paradigm for nonlinear optics

EC78-219 1978 Nebraska Swine Report

This 1978 Nebraska Swine Report was prepared by the staff in Animal Science and cooperating departments for use in the Extension and Teaching programs at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Authors from the following areas contributed to this publication: Swine Nutrition, swine diseases, pathology, economics, engineering, swine breeding, meats, agronomy, and diagnostic laboratory. It covers the following areas: breeding, disease control, feeding, nutrition, economics, housing and meats