Importance of boron in fruit nutrition

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient in plants especially in fruits. Despite of this fact there are very few information about itsapplication, uptake and symptoms in Hungarian fruit growing sector. Nowadays we should consider the effects of weather conditions on soilB availability increasingly according to the climatic anomalies. Identifying of internal and external symptoms of plant parts (leaf, fruit) is helpfor growers to recognize the deficiency and excess symptoms in time. Methods and application rates of boron fertilization provide furtherinformation for growers to achieve qualify-oriented fruit growing among Hungarian conditions. The aim of this minireview is to focus on theimportance of boron in fruit nutrition

Effect of late spring frost event on nutrition aspects of a sour cherry orchard in East Hungary

Similarly to 2007, 2011 was also critical year for fruit growers in Eastern-Hungary. Serious frost damage was observed at lateblooming period (6 May (T=-1.6°C)) in this region, which caused approximately 60-65% of fruit loss.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a spring frost event on nutrient uptake and status of the trees of a sour cherry plantationat Újfehértó.The symptoms of frost were observed visually. This visual observation was confirmed by SPAD readings. The frost affected the macroandmicronutrient contents of leaves.It was found that the frost affected the nutrient uptake negatively, but the effect of it was not significantly sometimes. It can be stated thatthe nutrient demand of trees can be supplied only under even worse conditions

Effect of late spring frost event on nutrition aspects of a sour cherry orchard in East Hungary

Similarly to 2007, 2011 was also critical year for fruit growers in Eastern-Hungary. Serious frost damage was observed at late blooming period (6 May (T=-1.6°C)) in this region, which caused approximately 60-65% of fruit loss. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a spring frost event on nutrient uptake and status of the trees of a sour cherry plantation at Újfehértó. The symptoms of frost were observed visually. This visual observation was confirmed by SPAD readings. The frost affected the macroand micronutrient contents of leaves. It was found that the frost affected the nutrient uptake negatively, but the effect of it was not significantly sometimes. It can be stated that the nutrient demand of trees can be supplied only under even worse conditions

Importance of orchard floor management in organic fruit growing (nutritional aspects)

Worldwide research goals and concerns are to soil conservation and improve. This conception is mostly actual in horticulture where the numbers of high-density plantings are continuously increasing. High-density orchards cause more intensive nutrient and water uptake. So that the preservation of soil moisture and nutrient level are key factors in qualified fruit growing. On the other hand due to the climatic changes the water supply of trees will be satisfied among worse conditions than some decades ago. Appearance of water supply problems and water stress is increased in organic growing, where the number of corrections is limited anyway. Furthermore, floor management is a successful tool in weed management which causes many problems for organic growers due to the prohibition of synthetic herbicides. This paper will mainly focus on the nutritional aspects of methods of orchard floor management for growers adopting organic fruit management to make their production profitable

Importance of orchard floor management in organic fruit growing (nutritional aspects)

Worldwide research goals and concerns are to soil conservation and improve. This conception is mostly actual in horticulturewhere the numbers of high-density plantings are continuously increasing. High-density orchards cause more intensive nutrient and wateruptake. So that the preservation of soil moisture and nutrient level are key factors in qualified fruit growing. On the other hand due to theclimatic changes the water supply of trees will be satisfied among worse conditions than some decades ago. Appearance of water supplyproblems and water stress is increased in organic growing, where the number of corrections is limited anyway. Furthermore, floormanagement is a successful tool in weed management which causes many problems for organic growers due to the prohibition of syntheticherbicides. This paper will mainly focus on the nutritional aspects of methods of orchard floor management for growers adopting organic fruitmanagement to make their production profitable

Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans

Transcranial electric stimulation is a non-invasive tool that can influence brain activity; however, the parameters necessary to affect local circuits in vivo remain to be explored. Here, we report that in rodents and human cadaver brains, ~75% of scalp-applied currents are attenuated by soft tissue and skull. Using intracellular and extracellular recordings in rats, we find that at least 1 mV/mm voltage gradient is necessary to affect neuronal spiking and subthreshold currents. We designed an ‘intersectional short pulse’ stimulation method to inject sufficiently high current intensities into the brain, while keeping the charge density and sensation on the scalp surface relatively low. We verify the regional specificity of this novel method in rodents; in humans, we demonstrate how it affects the amplitude of simultaneously recorded EEG alpha waves. Our combined results establish that neuronal circuits are instantaneously affected by intensity currents that are higher than those used in conventional protocols

Nuclear dependence of the transverse single-spin asymmetry in the production of charged hadrons at forward rapidity in polarized p+pp+p, p+p+Al, and p+p+Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV

We report on the nuclear dependence of transverse single-spin asymmetries (TSSAs) in the production of positively-charged hadrons in polarized $p^{\uparrow}+p$, $p^{\uparrow}+$Al and $p^{\uparrow}+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. The measurements have been performed at forward rapidity ($1.4<\eta<2.4$) over the range of $1.8<p_{T}<7.0$ GeV$/c$ and $0.1<x_{F}<0.2$. We observed a positive asymmetry $A_{N}$ for positively-charged hadrons in \polpp collisions, and a significantly reduced asymmetry in $p^{\uparrow}$+$A$ collisions. These results reveal a nuclear dependence of charged hadron $A_N$ in a regime where perturbative techniques are relevant. These results provide new opportunities to use \polpA collisions as a tool to investigate the rich phenomena behind TSSAs in hadronic collisions and to use TSSA as a new handle in studying small-system collisions.Comment: 303 authors from 66 institutions, 9 pages, 2 figures, 1 table. v1 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm