Differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE): The key to finding the 4936 factor? [abstract]

Abstract only availableThere are many species of plants that do not accept their own or closely related pollen. This self-incompatibility (SI), is seen in members of the genus Nicotiana. There are three proteins that are known to be required for SI to function in the pistil: S-RNase, 120K and HT-B. We discovered a mutation segregating in a population of otherwise SI plants that prevents SI from functioning in the pistil. Plants that display normal SI are called Rejectors (because they reject their own pollen), and mutants are called Acceptors (because they accept their own pollen). Acceptors show normal expression of S-RNase, 120K, and HT-B. The factor responsible for the mutation was named the 4936 Factor after the population in which it was first discovered. In order to Identify the 4936 Factor, I have used the DIGE method. Total protein extracts from Acceptor and Rejector pistils are stained with two different fluorophores and run in the same two-dimensional gel. By separating proteins both by size and isoelectric point, one can search for differences in the expression level or presence/absence of a particular protein. Therefore, a protein that is present in the rejector color, but not in the acceptor color, is a good candidate for further investigation as the 4936 Factor.MU Monsanto Undergraduate Research Fellowshi

Effects and mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides on cognition

Reviewed here is the existing evidence for the effects of ginseng extracts and isolated ginsenosides relevant to cognition in humans. Clinical studies in healthy volunteers and in patients with neurological disease or deficit, evidence from preclinical models of cognition, and pharmacokinetic data are considered. Conditions under which disease modification may indirectly benefit cognition but may not translate to cognitive benefits in healthy subjects are discussed. The number of chronic studies of ginseng effects in healthy individuals is limited, and the results from acute studies are inconsistent, making overall assessment of ginseng's efficacy as a cognitive enhancer premature. However, mechanistic results are encouraging; in particular, the ginsenosides Rg 3 , Rh 1 , Rh 2 , Rb 1 , Rd, Rg 2 , and Rb 3 , along with the aglycones protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, warrant further attention. Compound K has a promising pharmacokinetic profile and can affect neurotransmission and neuroprotection. Properly conducted trials using standardized tests in healthy individuals reflecting the target population for ginseng supplementation are required to address inconsistencies in results from acute studies. The evidence summarized here suggests ginseng has potential, but unproven, benefits on cognition