- During the Kim Il Sung and the Kim Jung Un Eras

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(한국학전공), 2021. 2. 박태균.국문 초록 (ABSTRACT IN KOREA) 핵무기 보유를 견제하기 위한 국제사회의 제재와 징벌적 조치에도 불구하고, 국제사회에서 고립되어 있으며 재정으로도 열악한 북한은 여전히 상대적으로 안정적인 정권을 유지하고 있다. 북한의 국제 관계 연구에 있어 자세히 연구되지 않았던 비주류에 속하는 외교적 현상에 대한 정밀한 분석은 국제사회에 위협이 되는 북한 문제를 다른 방식으로 다룰 수 있는 대안적인 관점을 제공할 수 있다. 이러한 배경에서 아프리카에 대한 북한 대외정책의 방향 전환의 배경과 구체적인 외부요인이 김일성 시대 데탕트 시대(1960~1979)와 김정은 시대(2011~2011년)의 비교연구를 기준으로 본 논문에서 분석된다. 어떤 측면에서 북한과 아프리카 외교 관계 연구가 의미가 있는 것인가? 우선, 김일성 통치 시기에 속하는 데탕트 시대의 경우, 북한은 주체사상을 기반으로 군사 및 인력 그리고 재정적 지원을 아프리카에 제공하는 등 안정된 외교 관계를 아프리카 국가와 맺기 위해 적극적인 외교적 노력을 기울였다. 이후에도, 고립된 국제적 위치에서 벗어나기 위해 수십 년 동안 북한은 아프리카 국가들과 우호적인 외교 관계를 유지했다. 또한, 김정은 시대에 들어서는 일부 아프리카 국가와의 지속적인 경제적 교류는 유엔과 미국의 제재로 인해 궁핍한 재정을 보충하는 중요한 기회를 제공하였다. 북한의 아프리카 외교 정책이 가장 활발했던 시기와 전례 없이 심각한 국제적 제재에 직면한 김정은 정권 시대의 아프리카 외교를 비교하면 북한의 외교정책변화를 가장 극명하게 살펴볼 수 있을 것이다. 서로 다른 시기에 변화된 북한의 아프리카 외교 정책 연구는 양측간의 고위급 간부의 상호 방문의 빈도와 방문목적 그리고 북한의 아프리카 국가들에 대한 군사적 지원 행태 분석 등의 지표로 측정될 것이다. 북한 대외정책에 영향을 주고 있는 4가지 주요 대외적 요인에는 국제사회의 제재와 아프리카에 대한 북한의 군사적 지원, 남한의 할슈타인(Hallstein Doctrine)원칙에 기반한 외교정책 그리고 비동맹운동(NAM) 연대 등이다. 이와 같은 대외적 요인이 실제로 북한과 아프리카의 외교 관계에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지, 또한 북한의 아프리카 대외정책의 시기별 전환 과정은 어땠는지 자세히 검토할 예정이다. Key words :북한,아프리카,외교 관계,군사교류,국제 제재,남한의 할슈타인(Hallstein Doctrine) 원칙 Student Number: 2017- 20782ABSTRACT North Korea, an isolated and impoverished nation, still maintains its relatively stable regime despite all the international sanctions and punitive measures. The deep analysis of the hidden foreign relation between the DPRK and Africa could extend our existing perceptions and offer alternative perspectives to handle continuous threats posed by this secretive country in different ways. In this background, crucial external reasons for the reorientation of North Korean foreign policy in Africa will be analyzed by a comparative study between the Détente period (1960-1979) during the Kim Il Sung era and the Kim Jung Un eras (2011- present). Why does the foreign relation between North Korea and African nations matter? In the past, North Korea pursued amicable diplomatic relations with African nations for decades ultimately to obtain reliable supports from them on the international stage in the diplomatic competition with South Korea. Besides promoting the ideology Juche (self-reliance) and providing infrastructure and military assistance to African countries, North Korea passionately tried to bond close ties with the African counterparts to escape from its isolated international position. Even until Nowadays, some African countries have still functioned as financial lifelines for the benefits of the DPRK against severe sanctions imposed by the U.N. and the United States, the official diplomatic exchanges between the two regions have significantly decreased. The difference in the previous and current North Korean foreign policy strategies in Africa can be more clearly presented by comparing the détente period when North Korea established the most robust diplomatic relations with African nations and the recent Kim Jong Un regime when its whole external relation is greatly limited under the unprecedentedly severe international sanctions. Firstly, the shifted North Korean foreign policy in Africa during the two different periods will be measured by two indicators: the exchange of high-level officers and the military assistance from North Korea to African nations. Secondly, the four external factors that have been influencing North Koreas foreign policy were selected: international sanctions, military assistance from the DPRK, the Hallstein doctrine of South Korea, and the solidarity of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). By closely reviewing these factors individually and analyzing what influence they have had on the diplomatic relation between the DPRK and Africa, it will be revealed how the reorientation of the DPRKs foreign policy in Africa has been evolved. Keywords: North Korea, Africa, diplomatic relation, military exchange, international sanction, Hallstein doctrine of South Korea Student Number: 2017- 20782I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Research Background 1 2. Research Questions & Hypothesis 5 3. Literature Review 7 4. Methodology 11 II. DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY 14 1. The difference between Foreign Policy and diplomacy 14 2. The determinants of Foreign Policy 16 III. GENERAL REVIEW 18 1. The overview of foreign relations between North Korea and Africa 18 2. A comparative study between Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Un Eras 23 IV. REDIRECTION OF NORTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY IN AFRICA 26 1. Official exchanges of high-level officers 26 2. The military assistance 38 V. ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL FACTORS 46 1 Sanction on the trade between the DPRK and African nations 47 2 The Hallstein doctrine of South Korea 63 3 The solidarity of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) 67 VI. CONCLUSION 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY 77 ABSTRACT IN KOREA 87 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89Maste

Centering the Periphery: Manchurian Exile(s) and the North Korean State

Kim Il sung and other Manchurian guerrilla veterans who came to dominate North Korean politics after 1945 were profoundly influenced by the experience of their anti-Japanese struggle in exile. This influence has shaped the ideology, historiography, and domestic and external policies of the DPRK to the present. At the same time, this exile experience has been given a mythical status in North Korean history, centered on the personality and activities of Kim Il Sung, but reflective of earlier attempts to draw Manchuria into the mainstream of Korean history. The "mythification" of Manchuria has grown steadily over time, and since the early 1970s Kim Jong Il has been closely associated with his father's Manchurian guerrilla struggle, in particular with the image of Mt. Paektu

Pola Komunikasi untuk Pemberdayaan Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat dalam Menyukseskan Program Swasembada Pangan

Kelompok Informasi Masyarakat (KIM) merupakan lembaga komunikasi nonformal di daerah mempunyai peran strategis di masyarakat, tetapi keberadaannya belum bisa mengakomodir program swasembada pangan seperti yang dicanangkan Presiden Joko Widodo. Hal ini karena pola komunikasi terpadu antara masyarakat dengan unsur stakeholder di daerahnya belum terbangun secara sinergis, serta belum terbangunnya kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya program ini. Fokus kajian ini mengungkap bagaimana pola komunikasi yang tepat untuk pemberdayaan KIM dalam menyukseskan program swasembada pangan. Tujuannya adalah terbangunnya suatu pola komunikasi KIM yang lebih baik dalam menghadapi program tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan paradigma studi kasus dengan pendekatan kualitatif, kemudian disusun suatu penguatan pola atau model komunikasi yang tepat dalam menghadapi program tersebut. Subyek penelitian adalah masyarakat dan para stakeholder setempat yang dipandang memahami masalah penelitian ini. Lokasi adalah KIM Palasari, Desa Palasari, Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kota Bandung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pola pemberdayaan komunikasi KIM adalah dengan model komunikasi pendampingan yang lebih terarah dari para stakeholders dan mengembangkan komunikasi kelompok yang lebih demokratis kepada para anggotanya. Pola komunikasi linier (sinergi) secara top down dan bottom up antara KIM dengan para stakeholder yang kompeten perlu penguatan untuk memberikan pemahaman yang benar dalam berkomunikasi

1990년대 고난의 행군기 북한의 정치담론 분석

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공),2019. 8. 이근.1990년대의 정치 및 경제 위기는 북한정권의 탄력성에 대해 선전 전략의 변화를 요구하는 과제를 제시해왔다. 북한정권은 첫 지도자 지위 계승에서 오는 정치적 어려움과 자연재해 및 변환하는 국제정세에서 비롯된 경제위기를 극복하기 위해서 항일무장투쟁시기 고난의 행군의 기억을 소환하여 새로운 정치담론을 생성하였다. 이렇게 생성된 새로운 정치담론이 과거의 기억을 효율적으로 호출하기 위해서는 역사적 사실에 근거해야 하며 기존 정치담론의 구조를 어느 정도 표방해야 한다. 본 논문은 지도자의 연설문, 신문, 영화, 음악 등 북한의 다양한 선전물을 분석하여 선동전략에서 북한 정권 탄력성의 근원을 찾고자 한다. 본 논문은 연구는 우선 적의 형성 및 비판, 항일투쟁역사의 소환, 공감 유발, 자기 희생으로의 유인 이라는 북한 정치담론의 기본 구조를 파악하였다. 나아가 1990년대 경제위기의 정치담론과 현재 세습제도를 정당화 시키는 유일사상체제를 완성한 1970년대의 정치담론을 해당 구조를 기반으로 비교한다. 비교분석을 통해서 정당성을 보장하기 위해 정치담론의 구조는 변화하지 않았으나 내용은 시기의 국내외적 요구에 따라 변화한 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 1990년대 경제위기의 정치담론이 북한에서 신화로 굳어버린 항일투쟁시기 고난의 행군의 역사에 크게 의존하여 마르크스-레닌주의에서 비롯된 기존 사회주의사상에 변화를 주어 세습정치의 정당성을 확보했던 것으로 보인다. 또한, 당시 선동전략은 역사에 대한 공통된 기억을 형성하여 사회에 연대감을 강화시켰던 것으로 보인다. 북한정권은 경제위기를 극복하였고 사상과 군사의 강성대국을 이룩했다고 주장했다. 그리고 최근 북한정권은 경제분야에서도 강성대국의 꿈을 이루겠다는 목표를 강조해왔다. 하지만 현실에서의 북한은 경제강국의 건설이라는 목표에서 거리가 멀어 보인다. 과거 정치담론에서 오는 제약 또한 북한정권의 경제목표를 달성하는 데에 방해요소로 작용되는 것으로 보인다.For North Koreas regime resilience, the political and economic crisis in the 1990s presented challenges which required a change in its propaganda strategy. In order to overcome the political challenge of power transfer and the economic difficulties caused by natural disasters and changing international order, the North Korean regime has revived the memory of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period in its propaganda. For the new discourse to legitimately invoke the past memories, the discourse has to be grounded upon historical facts as well as a constant structure of previous discourses for continuity. Through analyzing the propaganda works of public speeches, newspapers, movies and music, the paper attempts to find the source of the North Koreas regime resilience in the mobilization strategy. The paper first identified the continuous structure of constructing and criticizing state enemies, recalling the memory of anti-Japanese struggle, eliciting empathy, and inducing self-sacrifice of the people. Then, the contents of the propaganda during the economic difficulties of 1990s are compared to the propaganda used during the 1970s to justify the monolithic ideology of Kim Il-sung which allowed the family dictatorship to exist. Though, the structure of propaganda has remained unchanged for legitimacy, the contents have changed to meet the demand of the external and internal changes. The discourse formed during the economic crisis relied heavily on the apocryphal fable of the Arduous March during the Japanese colonial period to justify the new ruling principles detached from the traditional Marxism–Leninism and to legitimize the ruling Kim family. The mobilization strategy also aimed at strengthening the social solidarity through creating a shared memory of the history. The North Korean regime has claimed that it has overcome the economic crisis and has achieved the goal of creating a strong military and ideological state. And, the regime has emphasized that economic development will be accomplished soon. However, the current situation of North Korea is quite distant from its presented goal of economic power. Limitations stemming from the previous discourses have also provided obstacles for the regime to make policy decisions toward economic development.Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motive 3 1.2 Structure 7 2. Literature Review & Research Question 9 2.1 Regime Resilience 9 2.2 Propaganda 10 2.3 Economic Difficulties in the 1990s 13 2.4 Research Question 15 3. Research Design 18 3.1 Research Question 15 3.2 Research Question 15 3.3 Research Question 15 4. Political Discourse Analysis 20 4.1 Legitimizing Kim Il-sungs Monolithic Ideology 26 4.1.1 Criticism to Claim Superiority 27 4.1.2 Recalling the Memory: Making Legend of Kim Il-Sung 29 4.1.3 Eliciting Empathy: Large Family and Orphans 31 4.1.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: Partisan Spirit 33 4.2 Kim Jong-ils Response to Crisis 33 4.2.1 Criticism to Identify Scapegoat 43 4.2.2 Recalling the Memory: Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il and Mt. Paektu 34 4.2.3 Eliciting Empathy: Innate Good and Maternal Affection 3 4.2.4 Inducing Self-Sacrifice: One for All 42 5. Policy Implementation of the Discourse to Three Major Strongholds 46 5.1 Social Policy: Songun Policy 49 5.2 Economic Policy: System of Economic Regional Self-Sufficiency 53 5.3 Defense & Foreign Policy: Anti-America/Imperialist Stance and Self-Reliance 56 6. Conclusion 59 6.1 Impact of the Arduous March 60 6.2 Implications 61 References Abstract (Korean)Maste

Analisa Data Log Untuk Perhitungan Volume Awal Gas Di Tempat Dengan Metoda Volume Trik

Perhitungan Initial Gas In Place (IGIP) pada Lapangan KIM menjadi langkah awal pengembangansumur gas. Untuk mendapatkan nilai setiap parameter perlu dilakukan interpretasi secara kualitatifmaupun kuantitatif. Interpretasi data secara kualitatif meliputi quick look pada kurva log.Sedangkan interpretasi data secara kuantitatif adalah melakukan perhitungan berdasarkan datageologi, petrofisik, dan reservoir dengan menggunakan rumus-rumus tertentu. Dalampengerjaannya, software Petrel dan Interactive Petrophysics digunakan untuk membantu analisasetiap parameter. Lapangan KIM memiliki dua lapisan yang berpotensi mengandung gas yaitu b2-340 dan K-670. Jenis lithologi pada lapangan ini didominasi oleh sandstone. Volume gas awal ditempat atau Initial Gas In Place (IGIP) pada lapisan b2-340 dan K-670 adalah sebesar 1.14 bscfdan 15.89 bscf. Sehingga volume gas awal di tempat atau Initial Gas In Place (IGIP) pada kedualapisan di lapangan KIM adalah sebesar 17.03 bscf. Reservoir pada lapangan KIM merupakan drygas reservoir yang ditandai dengan kandungan gas methane (C1) yang tinggi yaitu sebesar95.82%

The Characteristics of Necessity, Commoner, and Parasite with Multicultural Data Comparison

Three different types of employees can be found in workplaces all over the world: “Necessities,” “Commoners,” and “Parasites.” A person is a Necessity if s/he is irreplaceable and crucial to the functioning of an organization. A Commoner is a person of normal ability and talent who has no significant impact on organizational success. Parasites are detrimental freeloaders who damage the functioning of an organization. To identify the principal characteristics of these three types of workers, a group of researchers led by Chong W. Kim conducted six studies in which they collected survey data from undergraduate and graduate business students in the U.S., India, Korea, Chile, and Japan. The results of this research effort are reported in Kim & Sikula (2005), Kim & Sikula (2006), Kim, Sikula & Smith (2006), Kim, Cho & Sikula (2007), Kim, Arias- Bolzmann & Smith (2008), and Kim, Arias-Bolzmann & Magoshi (2009). The summary of these six studies has been reported in Kim, Smith, Sikula & Anderson (2011). The purpose of this article is to compare the results of the summary study with a new set of data, which was collected from a multicultural student body. The authors note the points of commonality between the data sets and offer their thoughts on future research in this area

Review of The Politics of War: Canada’s Afghanistan Mission, 2001-14 by Jean-Christophe Boucher and Kim Richard Nossal

Review of The Politics of War: Canada’s Afghanistan Mission, 2001-14 by Jean-Christophe Boucher and Kim Richard Nossal

Review of The Politics of War: Canada’s Afghanistan Mission, 2001-14 by Jean-Christophe Boucher and Kim Richard Nossal

Review of The Politics of War: Canada’s Afghanistan Mission, 2001-14 by Jean-Christophe Boucher and Kim Richard Nossal

Management of Prediabetes

Nurses have a key role in promoting the patient's self-management and fostering motivation for lifestyle change, writes Nicky Kim

Next generation sequencing reveals the complete plastome sequence of newly discovered cliff-dwelling Sonchus boulosii (Asteraceae: Cichorieae) in Morocco

The complete chloroplast genome sequences of newly discovered cliff-dwelling species of Sonchus, S. boulosii, were reported in this study. The S. boulosii plastome was 152,016 bp long, with the large single copy (LSC) region of 83,988 bp, the small single copy (SSC) region of 18,566 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 24,731 bp. The plastome contained 130 genes, including 88 protein-coding, six ribosomal RNA, and 36 transfer RNA genes. The overall GC content was 31.2%. Phylogenetic analysis of 12 representative plastomes within the order Cichorieae suggests that S. boulosii is closely related to S. oleraceus.National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2016R1D1A2B03934596