Kościoły w Polsce w okresie niemieckiej okupacji 1939–1945

Poland and Polish nationalism are widely identified with Catholicism. However, the population of the Polish state was not homogenous ethnically and religiously – in 1921 the number of ethnic/confessional minorities reached the high level of over 30 percent. The Second World War was a fundamental change in Polish history – the new people’s republic, formed after 1945, has been a totally different state from the Second Republic of Poland, which existed 1918–1939. Unfortunately, very little is known about the impact of Churches (Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) in shaping the Polish, Ukrainian, Belorussian and German nationalisms during the wartime as well as the attitudes of clergymen towards the German occupants.Poland and Polish nationalism are widely identified with Catholicism. However, the population of the Polish state was not homogenous ethnically and religiously – in 1921 the number of ethnic/confessional minorities reached the high level of over 30 percent. The Second World War was a fundamental change in Polish history – the new people’s republic, formed after 1945, has been a totally different state from the Second Republic of Poland, which existed 1918–1939. Unfortunately, very little is known about the impact of Churches (Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox) in shaping the Polish, Ukrainian, Belorussian and German nationalisms during the wartime as well as the attitudes of clergymen towards the German occupants

Mentorship, Guidance, and Respect for Guiding New Faculty

Department chairs wield great power in the career of new faculty. In addition to gatekeeping functions as an evaluator, chairs serve as a role models and senior leaders. Mentorship, guidance, and respect form the foundation for chairs to propel newer faculty to senior department members

Zuzanna Ginczanka w archiwach i bibliotekach

Artykuł omawia najważniejsze dokumenty związane z osobą i twórczością Zuzanny Ginczanki, zebrane w archiwach i bibliotekach: zarówno spuściznę poetki, jak i materiały wytworzone w miejscach i przez instytucje, z którymi była związana. Największa część spuścizny znajduje się w Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza w Warszawie, w tym młodzieńcze rękopisy, będące podstawą prac edytorskich. Zbiory warszawskiego muzeum i problemy edytorskie związane z rękopisami Ginczanki (i pierwodrukami jej wierszy oraz edycjami tej twórczości z lat 1953 i 1980) zostały omówione w pierwszych dwóch częściach tekstu. Następnie autorka opisała domniemaną historię rękopisu Ginczanki znalezionego w 2018 roku w Bibliotece Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, wskazała materiały archiwalne do biografii poetki (w tym odnalezione w 2020 roku dokumenty złożone przez Zuzannę Gincburg w Wyższej Szkole Dziennikarskiej w Warszawie w roku 1935) oraz zasygnalizowała problem zaginionego rękopisu ostatniego wiersza poetki.The article entitled Zuzanna Ginczanka in archives and libraries discusses the most important documents on the poetess as well as the body of her poetic output. The remnants of her poetry that survived are currently held in various archives and libraries, along with items relevant to the literary heritage of the poetess and materials that were produced and preserved at those places and institutions she was attached to. The vast majority of her literary heritage is now preserved in the Adam Mickiewicz Literature Museum and includes, among others, her juvenile manuscripts that can provide a basis for further editorial works. The collections of the Warsaw museum and the editorial problems related to the Ginczanka’s manuscripts (as well as the first official editions of her poems and earlier editions of her collections of poems) are discussed in the first two sections of the article. Further, the author discusses the alleged history of Ginczanka’s manuscript found in the library of the Poznan Society of Friends of Sciences two years ago, indicates archival materials related to the biography of the poetess (including the documents handed over by Zuzanna Gincburg to the Higher School of Journalism in Warsaw in 1935 and found in 2020), and indicates a problem of the lost manuscript of the last poem written by Ginczanka

Biografistyka jako archeologia ruin

The article is devoted to biographical writing, which by the methodologies of the 20th century was thrown out of the field of humanities research. It returns in the new century with cultural anthropology, gender studies and – above all – memory studies. However, it raises a lot of questions, including doubts about the representation (author of the biography) and witnesses of events. The author of the article compares the work of a biographer with the work of an archaeologist who verifies the sources and reconstructs the whole on the basis of the background and contexts of time and place. In the biographer’s work, however, he notices one more element: research subjectivity, which in a world filled with nostalgia, we are not able to negate or eliminate.The article is devoted to biographical writing, which by the methodologies of the 20th century was thrown out of the field of humanities research. It returns in the new century with cultural anthropology, gender studies and – above all – memory studies. However, it raises a lot of questions, including doubts about the representation (author of the biography) and witnesses of events. The author of the article compares the work of a biographer with the work of an archaeologist who verifies the sources and reconstructs the whole on the basis of the background and contexts of time and place. In the biographer’s work, however, he notices one more element: research subjectivity, which in a world filled with nostalgia, we are not able to negate or eliminate

Increased nitric oxide availability attenuates high fat diet metabolic alterations and gene expression associated with insulin resistance

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>High fat diet impairs nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and induces insulin resistance. The link between NO availability and the metabolic adaptation to a high fat diet is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high fat diet on metabolism in mice with decreased (eNOS-/-) and increased (DDAH overexpressed) NO bioavailability.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>eNOS-/- (n = 16), DDAH (n = 24), and WT (n = 19) mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 13 weeks. Body weight, biochemical parameters, adipokines and insulin were monitored. The matrigel <it>in vivo </it>model with CD31 immunostaining was used to assess angiogenesis.</p> <p>Gene expression in adipose tissues was analyzed by microarray and Real Time PCR. Comparisons of the mean values were made using the unpaired Student t test and p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>eNOS-/- mice gained less weight than control WT and DDAH mice. In DDAH mice, a greater increase in serum adiponectin and a lesser increment in glucose level was observed. Fasting insulin and cholesterol levels remained unchanged. The angiogenic response was increased in DDAH mice. In adipose tissue of DDAH mice, genes characteristic of differentiated adipocytes were down-regulated, whereas in eNOS-/- mice, genes associated with adipogenesis, fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis were upregulated.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results indicate that increased NO availability attenuates some HFD induced alterations in metabolism and gene expression associated with insulin resistance.</p

Bicycle free-flow speed estimation based on GPS data – comparison of bikesharing system and Strava data

The increasing number of cyclists in cities around the world results in a greater focus on bicycle traffic. Next to traffic volume, the main characteristic of traffic used in road safety analysis, infrastructure planning, design, etc. is its speed. Bicycle speed is strongly affected by the type of bicycle facility, motor vehicle traffic parameters (volume, speed, share of heavy vehicles), trip motivation, weather conditions, etc., and therefore it is difficult to estimate. Traditionally, bicycle speed is determined directly using speed radar or indirectly, as a quotient of measurement base length and travel time calculated using a stopwatch or video technique. There are also researches where bicycle speed was estimated based on GPS sources, mainly mobile apps. However, depending on the GPS source and the group of cyclists, bicycle speed gained from GPS data can be different from the speed of regular cyclists (due to different levels of experience or types of bicycle). In the paper, the relationships between bicycle speed obtained from empirical measurements and two different GPS sources, which were bikesharing system (Wavelo) and Strava app, were analysed. In total 18 research sites were selected different in terms of bicycle facility (bicycle path, shared pedestrian/bicycle path, contraflow lane) and element of road network (road segment, bicycle crossing with or without traffic signals). Two-tailed test for two means was conducted to analyse the statistical significance of differences in bicycle speed estimated based on GPS data and empirical measurements using video technique. It showed that Wavelo and Strava speeds are by 17.4% lower are by 23.1% higher than the speeds of regular cyclists respectively. Two linear regression models describing relationships between bicycle speeds from empirical measurements and GPS data were developed. The results show that the variance of bicycle speed is almost 80% described by the variance of Wavelo speed and 60% described by the variance of Strava speed, which suggests that bicycle free-flow speed can be estimated based on GPS data either from bikeshare system or dedicated app