622 research outputs found
Love and hate among the people without things : the social and economic relations of the Enxet people of Paraguay
This thesis
examines the
social and economic relations of the Enxet indigenous
people of the Paraguayan Chaco
region who place a
high
value on egalitarianism,
generosity and personal autonomy.
However, during the twentieth century their land has
been
colonized
by
cattle ranchers and they have been
obliged to enter the market
economy.
While
anthropologists
have
proposed a range of theories to explain
indigenous
social and economic relations, the main concern of this thesis is to examine
how the
Enxet themselves explain their social
behaviour. The Enxet
make salient use of
"emotion
words" when
discussing their social and economic practices.
For instance,
a
fundamental
dichotomy in Enxet thought is between "love"
and
"hate"
and much of their discourse
centres on these two concepts.
The Enxet
seek to create
"good/beautiful"
people who
know how to act appropriately.
In
certain contexts they should practise
"love"
while
in
other contexts
"hate" is
acceptable.
Enxet
social organization should not be understood as a structure but
as a process,
as something that is being
continually created.
I
will consider
different
aspects of this
process through an examination of
kinship,
co-residence, marital relations,
"brideservice"
and
inter-community
contact, and
I
will
describe how
economic transactions are
key
elements
in the generation of
"loving"
social relations.
However,
self-centred practices
create many challenges to a
harmonious
community
life
and
I
will consider
how the
Enxet
strive to overcome them. Of
particular
interest
will
be demand
sharing which
responds,
in
part, to a strongly-held egalitarian ethic
but
can also provoke
disharmony
and
discomfort in
community
life. I
will also
discuss
commodity relations within
Enxet
communities and challenge the common assumption that money
is
necessarily
destructive
of
indigenous
social relations.
I
will conclude that the overriding goal of the Enxet is the attainment of
tranquillity in both their personal and social
lives. For the Enxet,
economic relations are
not about gaining material wealth
but
about
living
well with other people.
They
recognize
that personal affective comfort
is dependent on engendering tranquillity in
other people.
Therefore, the "emotion
words" they use to explain their social
behaviour
should not
be
regarded as merely referring to "feelings" but
as encompassing an aesthetics of social
behaviour
A case-study amongst the Enxet of the Paraguayan Chaco
An explanatory model of religious change in small-scale subsistence societies is developed, in which it is argued that the relative balance of domination between neighbouring societies is a crucial factor in the development of stimuli for religious change. Societies which retain control over their productive resources exhibit relative satisfaction with their well-being and change is usually restricted to diffusion. However, in a colonial situation the well-being of the dominated people is threatened and they enter a crisis. This is characterized by a realization that their ritual practices no longer adequately control the superempirical universe, and by a reduction in their sense of self-worth and prestige. A common response is religious transformation and the resultant conversion movements can be conceived of as active constructions of more satisfying cultures in which attempts are made to re-impose control over the mystical universe and to regain prestige and self- worth. The mechanism used is intercultural sociality: the dominated people look to the colonizers for the secret of their perceived success but the difficulties of intercultural communication result in frequent misinterpretation. The model is used to explain religious change amongst the Enxet Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco. Prior to colonialism, change amongst the Enxet was limited to diffusion. However, post-1885 their land was invaded by the white man, plunging them into a crisis. Two independent conversion movements are examined and successfully explained by reference to the theoretical model. However, a third movement, conversion to Anglicanism, illustrates the influence of culturally-specific factors on the character of a movement. The Enxet, as immediate return hunter- gatherers, viewed the Anglican church as a "foraging resource" and the adoption of Anglicanism by a minority of Enxet was little more than a technique of gaining access to the economic benefits available
Magmatism and Extension in the Foreland and Near-Trench Region of Collisional and Convergent Tectonic Systems
Foreland magmatism occurs in the lower plate during arc–continent or continent–continent collision, although it is uncommon. Ancient examples are recognized by a stratigraphic section into which mafic lavas and/or shallow sills are emplaced at a level at the top of a passive margin cover sequence, or within the overlying deeper water deposits that include mudrocks and flysch-type turbidites. Extensional structures associated with the emplacement of the volcanic rocks may develop slightly prior to or contemporaneous with the arrival of the approaching thrust front. We have selected twelve examples of magmatism in collisional forelands, modern and ancient, and have compared the tectonic associations of the magmatism with the magmatic geochemistry.  Foreland magmatic settings fall into two strikingly distinct geochemical groups: a more enriched alkaline group (Rhine-type) and a more heterogeneous tholeiitic group (Maine-type) that may show traces of prior subduction processes. In the examples where the contemporaneous extensional structures are known, faults and basins develop parallel to the thrust front for the tholeiitic group and have oblique orientations, in several cases at a high angle to the thrust front, for the alkaline group. The geochemical results are quite sufficiently distinct to permit discrimination of these two foreland magmatic rock suites from each other in ancient examples where the foreland setting is clear from geological evidence. However, magmatic products of the same range of compositions can be generated in other tectonic environments (rifts, back-arc basins), so the geochemical characteristics alone are insufficient to identify a foreland basin setting.   The alkaline Rhine-type group formed primarily in response to localized upwelling convective activity from the sub-asthenospheric mantle beneath the lower plate during collision while the tholeiitic Maine-type group formed primarily in response to melting of subcontinental asthenospheric mantle during extension of the lower plate by slab pull, and resulting lithospheric detachment. It is possible that there has been a long-term secular decrease in the occurrence of the Maine-type foreland magmatism since the early Proterozoic.RÉSUMÉBien que peu fréquent, il arrive qu’un magmatisme d’avantpays se produise dans la plaque inférieure durant une collision arc-continent ou continent-continent. Des exemples anciens ont été décrits dans une coupe stratigraphique renfermant des laves mafiques et/ou des filons-couches au haut d’une séquence de couverture de marge passive, ou au sein de dépôts de plus grandes profondeurs comme des boues ou des turbidites de type flysch. Des structures d’étirement associées à la mise en place des roches volcaniques peuvent se développer un peu avant ou en même temps que l’arrivée du front de chevauchement. Nous avons choisi douze exemples de magmatisme au sein d’avant-pays de collision, modernes et anciens, et nous avons comparé les associations tectoniques du magmatisme avec la géochimie magmatique.   Les configurations magmatiques d’avant-pays se divisent en deux groupes géochimiques très différents : un groupe alcalin plus enrichi (type-Rhin), et un groupe tholéiitique plus hétérogène (type-Maine) et qui peut montrer des traces de précédentes activités de subduction. Dans les exemples où les structures d’étirement contemporaines sont connues, les failles et les bassins se développent parallèlement au front de chevauchement pour le groupe tholéiitique, alors que leurs orientations sont obliques, voire à angles aigus au front de chevauchement pour le groupe alcalin. Les résultats géochimiques sont suffisamment distincts pour permettre de distinguer ces deux suites de roches magmatiques dans les exemples anciens où la configuration d’avant-pays est évidente de par sa géologie. Cependant, des produits magmatiques de même type compositionnel peuvent advenir dans d’autres environnements tectoniques (fosses, bassins d’arrière-arc), et donc, la caractérisation géochimique seule ne permet pas de distinguer une configuration de bassin d’avant-pays.   Le groupe alcalin de type-Rhin s’est principalement formé en réponse à une activité d’éruption de convection issue du manteau sous-asthénosphérique sous la plaque inférieure durant la collision, alors que le groupe tholéiitique de type-Maine s’est formé principalement en réaction à la fusion du manteau sous-continental asthénosphérique durant l’extension de la plaque inférieure par étirement de la plaque, et le détachement lithosphérique qui en découle. Depuis le Protérozoïque, est possible qu’il y ait eu une décroissance progressive à long terme des événements magmatiques de type-Maine
Ramon Fernandez and the search for the father
Ramon Fernandez, un des plus eminents critiques francais de l’ entre-deux-guerres, revient a l’actualite apres une eclipse de trente-cinq ans. Et en
meme temps revient le souvenir d’une carriere commencee avec eclat sous le
signe de l’humanisme de la personnalite et terminee prematurement par la
mort au moment ou s’effondrait autour de Fernandez le nouvel ordre europeen
dont il etait devenu un des principaux porte-paroles. Comment expliquer la
trajectoire qui le mena du socialisme au fascisme, de l’extreme-gauche en 1934 a la Collaboration en 1940? Pourquoi le decalage, sensible a ses
contemporains, entre la promesse de l’oeuvre et l'apparent echec de l'homme?
D'aucuns en ont cherche la clef dans le conflit d'heritages spirituels ou dans
le sentiment de declassement social d'un homme ne d'une mere franc;aise
d'origine bourgeoise et d'un aristocrate mexicain. Et qui pour comble de
difficulte se sentait different de sa generation pour ne pas avoir fait la guerre
de 1914-1918. Nous croyons que les racines du drame sont ailleurs, dans le
bouleversement subi par un enfant accidentellement prive de son pere a l’age
de onze ans, traumatisme qui rencontrant dans le psychisme les traces du
fantasme parricidaire, devint le mobile profond de sa vocation.
Dans la premiere partie de notre these, nous ex ami nons les faits de la jeunesse
de Fernandez et les traits de sa personnalite a la lumiere des concepts
psychanalytiques. Dans la deuxieme partie, nous montrons comment les themes,
I 'organisation et le langage de sa pensee prennent leur sens dans des idees
inconscientes se referant a la mort du pere, problematique que Fernandez essaya
d'explorer imaginativement dans ses romans, auxquels nous consacrons la
section suivante. Nous montrons enfin comment ses ouvrages critiques successifs
reposent sur une identification de caractere paternel avec l'auteur qui evolue
selon des modalites psychiques
Recommended from our members
The evolution of the Baie Verte Lineament, Burlington Peninsula, Newfoundland
Notes for the reader. Thin sections and corresponding rock samples used for this study are deposited in the Harker collection of the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Cambridge. (Catalogue no. 33, p. 251-253, 255- 283; serial numbers 110403-110456, and 110476-110990). The magnification quoted in captions to photomicrographs is the true scale of the print to the thin section. The prints are about 85 X 57 mm., and their longest side therefore represents about 8.5, 3.4, 2.1 and 0.85 mm. for magnifications of X 10, X 25, X 40 and X 100 respectively. The camera lens cap seen in photographs of outcrop surfaces is 45 mm across.An area measuring about 5 km by 30 km, of the relatively well-exposed central part of the Baie Verte Lineament, has been mapped in detail. Two major rock divisions are recognised by their differing structural and metamorphic histories. A terrain of psammitic, semipelitic and mafic schists borders the western side of the Lineament. These rocks (part of the Fleur de Lys Supergroup) are in upper greenschist to epidote-amphibolite metamorphic facies, and are affected by a polyphase deformation sequence. They are intruded by post-kinematic granite and tonalite. A large, generally unfoliated, granodiorite (Burlington Granodiorite) borders the eastern side of the Lineament. Outside the map area, it is seen to be either a pre- or early syn-kinematic intrusion into Fleur de Lys schists.
The Baie Verte Lineament consists, in the mapped area, of two adjacent narrow-parallel belts; to the west the Baie Verte Group of uncertain (?Arenigian) age, and to the east the early Devonian Mic Mac Lake Group. Large lensoid "alpine-type" (ophiolitic) ultramafic bodies are situated along the tectonic contact between the Fleur de Lys schists and the Baie Verte Group. A narrow discontinuous strip containing bodies of ophiolitic gabbro with parallel diabase dykes is found at the western side of the Baie Verte Group adjoining the tectonic contact. The internal structures and textures of the ophiolitic rocks are described. The Baie Verte Group consists mainly of mafic pillow lava and mafic volcaniclastic sediments, subvertical to moderately west-dipping, and facing east, for which a stratigraphy is defined. At or near the base, a conglomerate, resting on ophiolite gabbro megabreccia, contains clasts mainly referable to the mafic parts of an ophiolite complex, with some clasts identical to the Burlington Granodiorite, and rare clasts referable to previously deformed silicic volcanics and related sediments of the Fleur de Lys Supergroup found to the east of the map area. Redeposited carbonate rocks are very occasionally found near this horizon. The Mic Mac Lake Group rests with spectacular unconformity, including a significant amount of palaeotopographic relief, on the Burlington Granodiorite. It also contains a similar erosion surface within the subaerial sequence of silicic volcanics, mafic and trachyte lava flows, and mostly conglomeratic sediments. A stratigraphy is defined for the Mic Mac Lake Group. The sequence dips west at moderate angles and, with the significant exception of a narrow strip at the western side, faces west. The Baie Verte and Mic Mac Lake Groups share a single steep cleavage and low greenschist facies metamorphic grade. An autochthonous contact between Baie Verte Group and east-facing Mic Mac Lake Group in the southern part of the area indicates that the Mic Mac Lake Group is in a highly-disrupted syncline, and is unconformable on the Baie Verte Group. To the north an attenuated Mic Mac Lake Group is overthrust by the Baie Verte Group, and must eventually be cut out to the north of the map area where the Baie Verte Group directly overthrusts Burlington Granodiorite. It is shown that the deformation of the Baie Verte and Mic Mac Lake Groups, and the tectonic emplacement of the ophiolitic ultramafic bodies into their present position, was wholly later than all the regional polyphase deformation and metamorphism of the Fleur de Lys Supergroup, and that this later deformation is almost wholly localised in the belt of less complexely deformed rock.
Joint mapping with J.M. Bird and J.F. Dewey at the northeast end of the Baie Verte Lineament demonstrated the presence of all members of a full ophiolite suite, overlain by mafic volcaniclastic sediments and a thick pile of pillow lava. The internal igneous-relationships of the ophiolite complex are described. These rocks are disposed in three thrust sheets (two being inverted), which are overthrust eastward above previously deformed and metamorphosed Fleur de Lys schists.
One model has been proposed that coherently interprets the Palaeozoic evolution of the central and western Newfoundland Appalachians in terms of present-day continental margin / island arc sedimentation, magmatism, and tectonics. The results of this mapping are interpreted within the framework of this model. The Fleur de Lys schists and Burlington Granodiorite represent rifted continental margin sediments, and a volcanic arc built on and intruding them prior to polyphase deformation and metamorphism. The Baie Verte Group is interpreted as the remains of the oceanic crust and mantle floor and mafic volcanic fill of one of several small marginal (inter-arc) basins that developed in the northwestern Newfoundland area in lower Ordovician times. It is interpreted to be in the place where the basin formed relative to the eastern and western Fleur de Lys blocks that border it. The Mic Mac Lake Group is a proximal section to an early Devonian calc-alkaline cordilleran caldera complex which may have been related either to subduction or to continental collision processes. It was laid down over an eroded surface of Burlington Granodiorite and over little to undeformed mafic rocks filling the Baie Verte marginal basin. Both were then deformed during the Acadian continental collision orogeny by contraction of the Baie Verte basin, with medium to high angle eastward overthrusting
Modifications Necessary for Commercial Arbitration Law to Protect Statutory Rights Against Discrimination in Employment: A Discussion and Proposals for Change
Published in cooperation with the American Bar Association Section of Dispute Resolutio
- …