19 research outputs found
ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ
Aim. To determine the elemental composition of common domestic types of the medicinal plant raw material, such as Sophora japonica flower buds, Crataegus sanguinea leaves and flowers, Astragalus dasyanthus herb, Mentha piperita leaves, Arctium lappa roots.
Materials and methods. The elemental composition was studied by atomic absorption spectrography with photographic registration. The research was conducted at the premises of STC βInstitute of Single Crystalsβ of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kharkiv).
Results and discussion. The results of the research obtained show that the samples of common domestic types of the medicinal plant raw material studied contain at least 19 chemical elements; potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus predominate among them.
Conclusions. The study shows the prospects of creating new original complex drugs from the raw material of the plants studied for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular hypertension.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ: Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΠΎ-ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π³Π°Π»Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎ-Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΠΠ£ ΠΠ’Π Β«ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²Β» ΠΠΠ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ (Π³. Π₯Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²).
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 19 Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ: ΠΏΡΠΏβΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ, Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ²ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π²ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π³Π°Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌβΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ² Π»ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
Π° Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎ-Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π· ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Ρ ΠΠΠ£ ΠΠ’Π Β«ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Β» ΠΠΠ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ (ΠΌ. Π₯Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ²).
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ 19 Ρ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ², ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΡΠΉ, ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΡΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ.
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π· ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π·Π°Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ, Π·ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΡΡ
ΠΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ° Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ
Aim. To study the elemental and amino acid composition of Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. thalli batches harvested in Ukraine.Materials and methods. Seven batches of C. islandica thalli harvested in different regions of Ukraine in late summer/early fall 2019 were used for the study. The elemental composition of the raw material was studied by atomic absorption spectrometry with photographic registration. The component composition of free and bound amino acids in the raw material was determined by the HPLC method. Results and discussion. The presence of at least 19 macro-, trace and ultra-trace elements was determined in 7 batches of the raw material. The predominance of the following elements was found: potassium 190 mg/100 g (batch 6) β 325 mg/100 g (batch 7); silicon 30 mg/100 g (batch 1) β 115 mg/100 g (batch 4); calcium 37 mg/100 g (batch 6) β 86 mg/100 g (batch 4). It was determined that the quantitative content of molybdenum and cobalt did not exceed 0.03 mg/100 g, the content of cadmium, astatine and mercury did not exceed 0.01 mg/100 g. The quantitative content of lead met the requirements of the monograph of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU) 2.0. The total ash content in the batches of the raw material ranged from 0.61 Β± 0.02β% to 1.43 Β± 0.05β%, meeting the requirements of the monograph of the SPhU 2.0. The presence of 7 amino acids was determined; 5 of them were nonessential (aspartic and glutamic acids, serine, arginine, and alanine) and 2 were essential (threonine and valine). The quantitative content of the total amount of free amino acids was 0.794 ΞΌg mg-1, the total amount of bound ones was 3.276 ΞΌg mg-1.Conclusions. For the first time, the elemental composition of 7 batches of C. islandica thalli harvested in Ukraine was determined. In each batch, potassium was the predominant element (from 190 mg/100 g to 325 mg/100 g depending on the batch). The component composition of free and bound nonessential and essential amino acids was determined (the quantitative content of the total amount of free amino acids was 0.794 ΞΌg mg-1, the total amount of bound ones was 3.276 ΞΌg mg-1); alanine (0.289 ΞΌg mg-1) was the dominant component among free amino acids, while arginine (0.993 ΞΌg mg-1) prevailed among bound ones. The results obtained will be used for further studies of the raw material of C. islandica harvested in Ukraine.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ° Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ 7 ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ C. islandica, Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ Π»ΡΡΠ° β Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ 2019 ΡΠΎΠΊΡ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎ-Π°Π±ΡΠΎΡΠ±ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ Π· ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π·Π²βΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ Π₯.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Ρ 7 ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ 19 ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ-, ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎ- ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ². Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡ: 190 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³ (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ 6) β 325 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³ (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ 7); ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡ: 30 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³ (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ 1) β 115 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³ (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ 4); ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΡΡ: 37 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³ (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ 6) β 86 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³ (ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ 4). ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π² 0,03 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³, Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΠΌΡΡ, Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π² 0,01 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³. ΠΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠΌΠ±ΡΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°Π² Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ (ΠΠ€Π£) 2.0. ΠΠΌΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ² Π²ΡΠ΄ 0,61 Β± 0,02β% Π΄ΠΎ 1,43 Β± 0,05β%, ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΠ€Π£ 2.0. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ 7 Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, Π· ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
5 Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π½Ρ (Π°ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π³ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Ρ Π³Π»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½, Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠ½ΡΠ½ ΡΠ° Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ½) ΡΠ° 2 Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π½Ρ (ΡΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½). ΠΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ² 0,794 ΠΌΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ³-1, ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π²βΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
β 3,276 ΠΌΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ³-1.ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. Π£ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ 7 ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ C. islandica, Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ. Π£ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ² ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΉ (Π²ΡΠ΄ 190 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³ Π΄ΠΎ 325 ΠΌΠ³/100 Π³ Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ). ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π·Π²βΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ (ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ β 0,794 ΠΌΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ³-1, ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π²βΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
β 3,276 ΠΌΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ³-1), Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ² Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ½ (0,289 ΠΌΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ³-1), ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π·Π²βΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
β Π°ΡΠ³ΡΠ½ΡΠ½ (0,993 ΠΌΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ³-1). ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ C. islandica, Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ
ΠΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ
Aim. To study the component composition of free and total monosaccharides in the raw material of Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. harvested in Ukraine.Materials and methods. The component composition of free and total monosaccharides in the raw material was determined by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC-MS).Results and discussion. Among the free monosaccharides, the presence of D-perseitol, (6.99 mg gβ1) and D-mannitol (1.12 mg gβ1) was determined. Among the total monosaccharides, the content of D-glucose (203.64 mg gβ1) prevailed. D-mannose (53.74 mg gβ1), D-galactose (51.71 mg gβ1), D-xylose (0.83 mg gβ1) and L-rhamnose (0.53 mg gβ1) were found in lower quantities, as well as polyatomic alcohols β D-dulcitol (8.46 mg gβ1) and D-mannitol (3.10 mg gβ1).Conclusions. For the first time, the component composition of free and total monosaccharides in the raw material of C. islandica harvested in Ukraine has been determined. The results obtained will be used as a component of the comprehensive systematic study of the raw material of C. islandica harvested in Ukraine.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π· ΠΌΠ°Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ (ΠΠ₯-ΠΠ‘).Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ D-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ (6,99 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1) ΡΠ° D-ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ (1,12 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1). Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π² Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ D-Π³Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈ (203,64 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1). Π£ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ D-ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ·Ρ (53,74 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1), D-Π³Π°Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ·Ρ (51,71 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1), D-ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ (0,83 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1) Ρ L-ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ·Ρ (0,53 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΈ D-Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ» (8,46 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1) Ρ D-ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ» (3,10 ΠΌΠ³ Π³β1).ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. Π£ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ C. islandica, Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ C. islandica, Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ
The elemental composition of leaves of promising species of decorative plants
The aim of the research is to determine the component composition of the mineral compounds of Crassula ovata leaves and Dieffenbachia Bowmannii leaves.Materials and methods. Raw materials β the leaves of Crassula ovata and Dieffenbachia Bowmannii were harvested from own grown plants during 2017. We used the method of atomic emission spectrography with photographic recording on a DFS-8 instrument to determine the composition of compounds of mineral nature.Results. It is established that the raw material β the leaves of the Crassula ovata and the leaves of Dieffenbachia Bowmannii have at least 19 elements. In the Crassula ovata leaves and Dieffenbachia Bowmannii leaves such macronutrients are accumulated in large quantities as: potassium β 2150 mg/100 g and 2580 mg/100 g, respectively, silicium 1120 mg/100 g and 1220 mg/100 g, respectively, and calcium β 900 mg/100 g and 1090 mg/100 g, respectively. The accumulation of elements in the leaves of Crassula ovata bollard is comparable to the accumulation of compounds of this group in the leaves of Dieffenbachia Bowmannii. Conclusions. The elemental composition of Crassula ovata leaves and Dieffenbachia Bowmannii leaves was studied by atomic emission spectrography with photographic recording. The presence of 19 elements has been established, of which in both types of raw materials dominate the content of potassium, silicium and calcium. The quantitative content of each of the elements in the leaves of Crassula ovata is comparable to the content in the leaves of Dieffenbachia Bowmanni
ΠΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΎΡ
Rose hips are the pharmacopoeial raw material, and its roots have been widely used in folk medicine. Therefore, these roots attracted our attention. The chemical composition of roots of both Rosa species has been poorly studied. The data of literature sources show that roots contain phenolic compounds, organic acids and amino acids. Rose hips are standardized by the quantitative content of the amount of organic acids and ascorbic acid according to the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR of the XI-th edition. According to the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU) 2.0 this raw material is standardized by the quantitative content of ascorbic acid.Aim. To study the quantitative content of the amount of organic acids and ascorbic acid in different batches of samples of Rosa majalis and Rosa canina roots.Material and methods. Roots of Rosa majalis and Rosa canina collected in different regions of Ukraine during 2014-2016 were used for research. The quantitative content of the amount of organic acids was studied by the titration method. Ascorbic acid was determined by the spectrophotometric method.Results and discussion. As a result of studying the quantitative content of the amount of organic acids it was determined that the content of these substances in the raw material ranged from 3 % to 5 % in the roots of Rosa majalis and from 3 % to 4.5 % in the roots of Rosa canina. The content of ascorbic acid in roots of Rosa majalis and Rosa canina fluctuated insignificantly from 0.11 % to 0.13 %.Conclusions. For the first time the quantitative content of the amount of organic acids and ascorbic acid in Rosa majalis and Rosa canina roots collected during three years in seven different places has been determined. The results of our research show that further studying of Rosa majalis and Rosa canina roots is promising taking into account their possible areas of application.Π€Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ. Π Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠ€ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π XI ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΠ€Π£ 2.0 ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 2014-2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, Π° Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π² ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ 3 % Π΄ΠΎ 5 %, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ β ΠΎΡ 3 % Π΄ΠΎ 4,5 %. Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ 0,11 % Π΄ΠΎ 0,13 %. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 3 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ· 7 ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Π€Π°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π° ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°Π³Ρ. Π₯ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ. Π Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ³ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π· ΠΠ€ Π‘Π Π‘Π XI Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π· ΠΠ€Π£ 2.0 ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ β Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΎΡ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ 2014-2016 ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ². ΠΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, Π° Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π²ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ 3 % Π΄ΠΎ 5 %, ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΎΡ β Π²ΡΠ΄ 3 % Π΄ΠΎ 4,5 %. ΠΠΌΡΡΡ Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π²ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ 0,11 % Π΄ΠΎ 0,13 %.ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ 3 ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ² Π· 7 ΠΌΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π»Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠΎΡ, Π·Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ
ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠ€ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠΠ’Π£ ΠΠΠ©ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π― Π’Π ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π
At the present stage, a significant number of drugs are used that can affect the oxidative processes in the body in various pathological conditions. However, the search for new highly effective and low-toxic drugs continues. Common hazel β a common plant of domestic flora, the leaves of which are widely used as anti-inflammatory and vasoconstrictor. Actual is the study of the antioxidant effect of the original domestic phytochemicals β a liquid extract of common hazel leaves.
The aim β to establish the minimum effective dose of the liquid extract of common hazel leaves and to study its antioxidant properties in a model of toxic damage to rat liver.
Material and Methods. The experiments were carried out on white male rats in compliance with all rules for working with vertebrate animals. Toxic liver damage was modeled by introducing into the rats a 50 % solution of carbon tetrachloride in a dose of 1.0 ml/kg body weight. The animals obtained liquid extract from hazel leaves at a dose of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ml/kg body weight. The development of oxidative stress was studied by the content of TBA-active products, ceruloplasmin and catalase activity. The activity of cytological processes was investigated by the erythrocyte index of intoxication and the activity of aminotransferases in the affected body.
Results. It was found that damage to the liver of rats with tetrachloromethane leads to the activation of lipid peroxidation processes, as indicated by an increase in the serum of animals and liver of TBA-active products and changes in the antioxidant system (increase in ceruloplasmin in serum and a decrease in catalase activity). Under the conditions of the lesion, the activity of aminotransferases in blood serum increased and, accordingly, decreased in the liver of toxic animals, which indicates cytolysis of hepatocytes after liver damage to rats with carbon tetrachloride.
The use of a liquid extract of common hazel leaves at a dose of 0.2 ml/kg showed an effect on the studied parameters, bringing them closer to the level of rats of intact control. Doses of 0.05 and 0.1 ml/kg were ineffective for the studied parameters.
Π‘onclusions. The minimum effective dose of the liquid extract of hazel leaves was found to be 0.2 ml/kg of animal weight, which showed pronounced antioxidant properties in toxic hepatitis in rats.ΠΠ° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ β ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° β ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ.
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ β ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
-ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ°Ρ
Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΡ 50 % ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 1,0 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 0,05, 0,1 ΠΈ 0,2 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΠ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π· Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΠ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ (ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ). Π ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π· Π² ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ· Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 0,2 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ·Ρ 0,05 ΠΈ 0,1 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ β 0,2 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡ.ΠΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ². ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ. ΠΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½Π° β ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±. ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ±Ρ β ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° β Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ².
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π» Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
-ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΡ
Π· Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π· Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π’ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ² 50 % ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ 1,0 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»Π°. Π ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡ Π· Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ 0,05, 0,1 ΡΠ° 0,2 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»Π°. Π ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π’ΠΠ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡΠ², ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π· Π² ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π»ΡΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ, Π½Π° ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΡ Π’ΠΠ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ° Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ). ΠΠ° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π· Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Ρ Ρ, Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ· Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΡΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ 0,2 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈ 0,05 ΡΠ° 0,1 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ².
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ β 0,2 ΠΌΠ»/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠ²
ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ Π€ΠΠΠΠΠ-ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠ ΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ Π£ΠΠ¬ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ¬Π₯Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ALNUS GLUTINOSA (L.) Gaertn.
The aim of the work. Research of the morphological and anatomical structure of black alder buds.
Materials and methods. The pharmacopoeial methods of analysis investigated the morphological and anatomical structure of 5 series of buds of black alder of ordinary domestic harvest. Morphological features were studied at no less than 15 samples of raw materials of each series. The anatomical structure was studied at no less than 15 samples of raw materials of each series.
Results and Discussion. The measurements of the buds and covering margins (morphometric parameters) made it possible to set the boundaries of the length and diameter of the bud and the length and width of the covering margins. The morphological description of black alder buds with the definition of diagnostic features is made (the size, shape and color of the buds and the covering bracts).
The anatomical structure of the black alder buds was investigated. The main diagnostic features were identified: the shape of the cells of the epidermis of the bracts and the porosity of their shells, the types and topography of the thrichoms of the bracts, the presence of essential oil glands.
Conclusions. Features of the morphological and anatomical structure of 5 series of adhesive alder buds of various harvesting regions have been established. Morphometric indices were determined, limits for the length and diameter of the buds and ophthalmic bracts were established. The criteria for the morphological description were selected and a morphological description of the sticky alder buds was created with the definition of diagnostic signs. The study of the anatomical structure of sticky alder buds made it possible to identify the diagnostic features of raw materials. The obtained results can become the basis for the development of the sections βIdentification Aβ and βIdentification Bβ of the draft monograph on the sticky alder buds as a promising type of medicinal plant material.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ β Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ Πlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ 5 ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΡΠΆ Π½Π° 15 Π·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½ΡΠΆ 15 ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ) Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΠ½Π΅ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ. Π‘ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ Π· Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ (ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ).
ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈ: ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈ Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΎΠ»ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊ.
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ 5 ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π»Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ· Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π°Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ² Β«ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΒ» ΡΠ° Β«ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΒ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π»ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ
Conflict resolution
U radu se na sustavan i jezgrovit naΔin objaΕ‘njavaju temeljne znaΔajke sukoba, vrste sukoba te naΔin poduΔavanja djece konstruktivnom, nenasilnom rjeΕ‘avanju istih. IstraΕΎivanje zapoΔinje definiranjem osnovnih znaΔajki komunikacije i naglaΕ‘avanjem vaΕΎnosti same sposobnosti komuniciranja. Δovjek je od najranije dobi u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji s ljudima oko sebe. Ona je temelj za razvoj svih daljnjih socijalnih vjeΕ‘tina.
Socijalna kompetencija razvija se tijekom odrastanja prvo u roditeljskom domu, a zatim i kroz socijalnu interakciju s drugim ljudima. Sposobnost socijalne interakcije nuΕΎno je razvijati te je bitno kod djece poticati razvoj socijalnih vjeΕ‘tina, jer nam one omoguΔavaju da u komunikaciji s okolinom ostvarimo sve svoje ΕΎelje i potrebe. Socijalne vjeΕ‘tine koje kod djece treba posebno poticati su vjeΕ‘tine sluΕ‘anja, suradnje i empatije te ujedno i samopoΕ‘tovanje.
Djeca moraju nauΔiti na koji naΔin reagirati na sukob i to Δe uvelike utjecati na kvalitetu njihova ΕΎivota izvan i unutar zajednice.
Teorijske spoznaje o komunikaciji, stjecanju socijalnih vjeΕ‘tina, te uΔenju konstruktivnog rjeΕ‘avanja sukoba upotpunjene su praktiΔnim saznanjima te provoΔenjem radionica konstruktivnog rjeΕ‘avanja sukoba s djecom predΕ‘kolske dobi.This thesis systematically and concisely explains fundamental principles of conflict, types of conflict and ways of teaching children about constructive, nonviolent resolution of such. Research begins by defining basic principles of communication and emphasizing importance of the sole ability to communicate. From the earliest age people are daily involved in communication with others. This is the foundation for development of any other social skill.
Social competence is being developed during growing up, it begins in the family home and it continues through social interaction with other people. It is essential to develop social interaction skills and it is also important to encourage development of these skills in children, because social skills enable us to achieve all our desires and needs through communication. Social skills that should be specially encouraged in children are skills of listening, cooperation, empathy towards others and self respect. . Children must learn how to react to conflict and this will greatly influence the quality of their personal life as well as their life within the community. Theoretical knowledge on communication, on growing social skills and on learning how to constructively resolve conflicts is accompanied with practical findings and through workshops on constructive conflict resolution among children of preschool age
ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π· Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½Ρ Ρ Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. ΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ
The component composition and the quantitative content of compounds distilled with water vapor in the thalli of Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. harvested in Ukraine were determined using the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC/MS). 24 compounds distilled with water vapor were identified with the prevalence of fatty acids and their derivatives (57.86Β±2.00% of the total compounds), terpenoids and their derivatives (23.57Β±0.97% of the total compounds) and acyclic saturated hydrocarbons (10.99Β±0.45% of the total compounds). The highest percentage was observed for octadecadienoic (linoleic) acid (20.08Β±0.67% of the total compounds), hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid (19.21Β±0.77% of the total compounds) and 9,17-octadecadienal (18.57Β±0.56% of the total compounds). The presence of 4 monoterpenoids and 6 sesquiterpenoids in the raw material studied was determined for the first time.ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π· ΠΌΠ°Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ (ΠΠ₯/ΠΠ‘) Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π· Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Ρ Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach., Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 24 ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π· Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½Ρ (57,86Β±2,00% Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ), ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½Ρ (23,57Β±0,97% Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ), Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ (10,99Β±0,45% Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ). ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ (Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ) ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ (20,08Β±0,67% Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ), Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ (ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ) ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ (19,21Β±0,77% Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ) ΡΠ° 9,17-ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΡΠ΄Ρ (18,57Β±0,56% Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ). Π£ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ 4 ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠ² ΡΠ° 6 ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠ²
ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ alnus glutinosa (l.) Gaertn.
By the means of the chromatography-mass-spectrometry method the comparative analysis of the qualitative composition and the quantitative content of organic acids in black alder buds and leaves have been carried out. Twelve organic acids have been identified in black alder buds, their total content is 1353.7 mg/kg, and there are 11 organic acids in black alder leaves with the content twice as high as in buds β 3007.9 mg/kg. One monocarboxylic, 6 dicarboxylic and 1 tricarboxylic, 4 aliphatic and aromatic organic acids have been found in buds. Two monocarboxylic, 5 dicarboxylic and 1 tricarboxylic, 5 aromatic organic acids have been found in leaves. The qualitative composition of organic acids is different in leaves and buds of black elder: 9 compounds have been found in both types of the plant material, namely capronic, oxalic, malonic, fumaric, succinic, malic, citric, vanillic and ferulic acids. Azelaic, benzoic and cinnamic acids have been found only in black alder buds, and black alder leaves contain only 2-hexenic and Ξ±-hydroxyphenylpropionic acids. The dominating component in buds is citric acid (625.8 mg/kg), the lowest content has been detected for capronic (10.3 mg/kg) and fumaric (4.5 mg/kg) acids. The highest content in leaves has been detected for oxalic acid (1403.9 mg/kg), in small amounts fumaric and succinic (8.3 mg/kg and 13.8 mg/kg, respectively) acids are present in this plant material. The results obtained will be used in the further study of the black alder plant material.Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 12 ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ 1353,7 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π° Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
β 11 ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π²Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
β 3007,9 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ 1 ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, 6 Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, 1 ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ, 4 Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. Π Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ 2 ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, 5 Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈ 1 ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, 5 Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ, 9 ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Ρ, ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ, ΡΠ±Π»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ, Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ, Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ·Π΅Π»Π°ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π° 2-Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ Ξ±-ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ β ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° (625,8 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³), Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (10,3 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³) ΠΈ ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (4,5 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³) ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. Π Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ (1403,9 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³), Π² Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ (8,3 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ ΠΈ 13,8 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ). ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΠΉ.ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°Ρ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ρ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ. Π Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ 12 ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ² 1353,7 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³, Π° Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ β 11 ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ· Π·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΄Π²ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌ, Π½ΡΠΆ Ρ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
β 3007,9 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³. Π£ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π·Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ 1 ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, 6 Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° 1 ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ, 4 Π°Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ. Π Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ 2 ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ, 5 Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° 1 ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ, 5 Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. Π―ΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ρ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΡ, 9 ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊ Π·Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π²Ρ, ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ½Ρ, Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ. ΠΠ·Π΅Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°, Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ, Π° 2-Π³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ° Ξ±-ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° β ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠΊ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° (625,8 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³), Π½Π°ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΆΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ (10,3 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³) ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ (4,5 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³) ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. Π£ Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ³Π°Π²ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΌΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ (1403,9 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³), Π² Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ
Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈ (8,3 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ ΡΠ° 13,8 ΠΌΠ³/ΠΊΠ³ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ). ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡ