The effect of massage therapy on the severity of labor in primiparous women

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: درد زایمان شدیدترین دردی است که اغلب زنان آن را تجربه می کنند. با استفاده از روش های نوین و حمایتی کاهش درد زایمان می توان زایمان را به یک اتفاق خوشایند و لذت بخش تبدیل نمود. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعیین تاثیر ماساژ درمانی بر شدت درد زایمان در زنان نخست زا انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در یک مطالعه کار آزمایی بالینی 60 خانم حامله نخست زا در حال زایمان از بیمارستان های مهدیه و هدایت شهر تهران به روش نمونه گیری آسان انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی به دو گروه شاهد و ماساژ درمانی (مورد) تقسیم شدند. گروه شاهد از مراقبت های روتین بدون هیچ مداخله ای و گروه مورد ماساژ درمانی با استفاده از تکنیک ماساژ درمانی افلوراج انجام شد. شدت درد قبل از مداخله (ابتدای فاز فعال) و بعد از مداخله در دیلاتاسیون های 4، 8 و 10 سانتی متر سرویکس با استفاده از مقیاس سنجش درد VAS (Visual analogue scale) اندازه گیری شد. طول مدت مرحله اول و دوم و نوع زایمان در هر دو گروه، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. داده های هر دو گروه با استفاده از آزمونهای آماری کای دو و t مستقل با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. یافته ها: بر اساس نتایج قبل از مداخله بین دو گروه از نظر شدت درد اختلاف معنی داری مشاهده نشد. میانگین شدت درد به ترتیب در گروه ماساژ و شاهد در ابتدای فاز فعال 07/1±88/5 و 39/1±75/6 (01/0

Evaluation of Soil-Structure Interaction on the Seismic Response of Liquid Storage Tanks under Earthquake Ground Motions

Soil-structure interaction (SSI) could affect the seismic response of structures. Since liquid storage tanks are vital structures and must continue their operation under severe earthquakes, their seismic behavior should be studied. Accordingly, the seismic response of two types of steel liquid storage tanks (namely, broad and slender, with aspect ratios of height to radius equal to 0.6 and 1.85) founded on half-space soil is scrutinized under different earthquake ground motions. For a better comparison, the six considered ground motions are classified, based on their pulse-like characteristics, into two groups, named far and near fault ground motions. To model the liquid storage tanks, the simplified mass-spring model is used and the liquid is modeled as two lumped masses known as sloshing and impulsive, and the interaction of fluid and structure is considered using two coupled springs and dashpots. The SSI effect, also, is considered using a coupled spring and dashpot. Additionally, four types of soils are used to consider a wide variety of soil properties. To this end, after deriving the equations of motion, MATLAB programming is employed to obtain the time history responses. Results show that although the SSI effect leads to a decrease in the impulsive displacement, overturning moment, and normalized base shear, the sloshing (or convective) displacement is not affected by such effects due to its long period

Collecting vaginal discharge with or without speculum in diagnosing gynecological infections

BackgroundCurrently, with the omission of speculum in vaginal examination, noninvasive methods to diagnose gonorrhea and chlamydia by urine tests are available. It is now possible to diagnose bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis by vaginal swabs directly without speculum examination.  PurposeThis quasi-experimental study was conducted to compare the results of two sampling methods with or without speculum of vaginal discharge in diagnosing gynecological infections. Methods100 patients between 18-49 with vaginal discharge and other manifestations of vaginosis referring to gynecology clinic of Taleghani hospital were selected by convenience sampling method. One vaginal swab was used before examination with speculum and one during it to collect the discharge for diagnosing trichomoniasis, candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis. Both samples were observed under microscope by blind method and compared in terms of sensitivity. ResultsSensitivities of discharge collection with and without speculum for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis and candidiasis were %81 and %71, 69% and %62.5, and %86 and %77 respectively with no significant difference. Agreements between the two methods for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis and candidiasis were 0.89, 0.85 and 0.72 respectively. ConclusionGynecological infections can be detected without examination by speculum. This is helpful for those who fear from this type of examination and delay their visits.  Keywords: Gynecological infections, Sexually transmitted disease (STD), Pelvic in flammatory disease (PID), Vaginiti

The Comparison of Two Methods of Vaginal Discharge with and without Speculum Examination Diagnosis of Trichomonas Infection

Background and Aim: Evaluation for STIs requires speculum examination. It is sometimes uncomfortable and rejected by many patients. Speculum examination often is impractical or not available in remote areas. Recently, it is possible to omit the speculum examination and noninvasively diagnose for Chlamydia and gonorrheal infections from urine sample. This comparison study was conducted by collected vaginal specimens directly without performing a speculum examination for the diagnosis of trichomonas infections.The aim of this study was comparison of two methods of vaginal discharge collection with and without speculum examination for diagnosis of the trichomonas infection.Materials and Methods: We examined 100 patients with vaginal discharge to the gynecology clinic of the Taleghani hospital. Two vaginal swab were collected from vaginal discharge of patients before and during speculum examination for diagnosis of trichomoniasis. Both of vaginal specimens were tested with blinded microscopic. Compared collection methods sensitivities, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of both methods was compared.Results: Sensitivities, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of speculum collection methods were 69%, 99%, 92% ,94% and 93% for trichomoniasis respectively. Sensitivities, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of nonspeculum collection methods were 62.5%, 99%, 91%, 93% and 92% for trichomoniasis respectively. The differences between methods was not statistically significant (P= NS). There was a very good agreement between both methods for diagnosis of trichomoniasis (KAPPA= o.85).Conclusions: We have demonstrated the benefit of nonspeculum vaginal specimens for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. This technique has applicability for studies involving the epidemiology of vaginal infection as well as for home diagnostic testing ,elder and pregnant women respectively

Sexual behavior of married iranian women, attending taleghani public health center

Background: Sexual practices as an important aspect of reproductive health have many physical and psychological effects on people's lives, there is limited evidence on such practices and their pattern among Iranian women. Hence we aimed to determine different types of sexual practices among 19-45 year old married Iranian women. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 married women, aged 19-45 years, attending Taleghani Public Health Center for annual gynecologic examination during November 2008 to May 2009 using convenient sampling. The participants were enquired about their experience regarding different types of sex, as well as their views and feelings about such practices, using an anonymous questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the participants was 34 years. All had ever experienced vaginal sex and 50.9 reported ever experience of other types of sex (non-vaginal), as well. Due to some stigma attached to non-vaginal sexual practices among women in Iran, the feelings of women with regard to different sexual practices were also examined in this paper. Conclusion: This study showed that non-vaginal sex among women is considerable and because of less favourable views of women towards such practices, it seems that these practices might have psychologically impacts on women's life. Hence, counseling and educational programs designed for married men and women can include some factual information about different types of sex