Production of Gluten-free Bread Based on Rational Use of Natural Resources

The paper provides a scientific foundation for an integrated approach to the problem of expanding the range of bread for special purposes, including that for patients with celiac disease. The high cost of gluten-free foreign products makes rational use of cornflour and bread production technology based on it currently relevant. The use of enzymatic modification of cornflour starch is found to increase the gas formation of dough, which increases the accumulation of mono- and disaccharides up to 5.5 %. The use of surfactants to increase the gas retention capacity of dough is proved to be expedient. The effect of deoiled soy lecithin on the properties of dough and qualitative characteristics of cornbread was discovered. Dry egg albumen was added to make the bread structure porous. Preliminary hydration of protein was revealed to improve the leavening of bread. It was proved that semi-finished product, hydrolysate, in an amount of 50 % of the cornflour weight, 1 % soybean deoiled lecithin, 2.5 % vegetable oil, and 4 % dried egg albumen increase the gas retention capacity of dough and reduce its viscosity and gelatinization temperature to produce high-quality gluten-free corn pan bread

Квантовые точки: опыт и перспективы применения в аналитических системах

The article is of a review nature, in which the dynamics of publication activity is analyzed and the possibilities of using quantum dots to solve various analytical problems are evaluated. The attention is paid to both traditional and relatively rare areas of analytical application of these nanostructures. A brief review of the types, advantages and disadvantages of synthesis methods, the influence of external factors on the band gap and luminescence intensity of inorganic nanosized phosphors, quantum dots of different nature, is presented. The areas of application and the main tasks solved with the use of quantum dots are systematized. Their analytical characteristics, operational properties and ways of regulating them are discussed. An effective way to control the analytical properties of the systems based on quantum dots is a directional change of the affinity for components by varying the nature of the stabilizing or modifying shell. Semiconductor colloidal quantum dots coated with a larger bandgap shell were selected for analytical use as the most commonly used systems due to their good photostability and fluorescence quantum yield. The advantages and disadvantages of other types of shells, as well as ways of modifying them, are shown. Solutions for organic analysis and medical diagnostics are considered. Systems of quantum dots used as biosensors with various guiding agents are considered, and their properties, advantages and disadvantages compared. Little studied issues and solutions in the direction of using quantum dots for developing sensor systems and their use for non-invasive analysis of living systems based on the results of detection of volatile organic compounds are identified.Keywords: quantum dots, application, analysis, reviewСтатья носит обзорный характер, в ней анализируется динамика публикационной активности, оцениваются возможности применения квантовых точек для решения различных аналитических задач. При этом внимание уделяется как традиционным, так и сравнительно редким направлениям аналитического применения этих наноструктур. Представлен краткий обзор типов, достоинств и недостатков способов синтеза, влияния внешних факторов на ширину запрещенной зоны и интенсивность люминесценции неорганических наноразмерных люминофоров - квантовых точек разной природы. Систематизированы области применения и основные задачи, решаемые с применением квантовых точек. Обсуждаются их аналитические характеристики, эксплуатационные свойства и способы управления ими. Показано, что эффективным способом управления аналитическими свойствами систем на основе квантовых точек является направленное изменение сродства к компонентам за счет варьирования природы стабилизирующей или модифицирующей оболочки. Для использования в аналитических целях выделены полупроводниковые коллоидные квантовые точки, покрытые оболочкой с большей шириной запрещенной зоны, как наиболее часто используемые системы, благодаря их хорошим фотостабильности и квантовому выходу флуоресценции. Показаны преимущества и недостатки других типов оболочек, а также способы их модификации. Рассмотрены решения для органического анализа и медицинской диагностики. Рассмотрены системы квантовых точек, применяемые в качестве биосенсоров, с различными направляющими агентами, сопоставлены их свойства, достоинства и недостатки. Определены мало проработанные вопросы и решения в направлении применения квантовых точек для разработки сенсорных систем, использования их для неинвазивного анализа живых систем по результатам детектирования легко летучих органических соединений.Ключевые слова: квантовые точки, применение, анализ, обзо

Quantum dots: experience and prospects of application in analytical systems

Статья носит обзорный характер, в ней анализируется динамика публикационной активности, оцениваются возможности применения квантовых точек для решения различных аналитических задач. При этом внимание уделяется как традиционным, так и сравнительно редким направлениям аналитического применения этих наноструктур. Представлен краткий обзор типов, достоинств и недостатков способов синтеза, влияния внешних факторов на ширину запрещенной зоны и интенсивность люминесценции неорганических наноразмерных люминофоров - квантовых точек разной природы. Систематизированы области применения и основные задачи, решаемые с применением квантовых точек. Обсуждаются их аналитические характеристики, эксплуатационные свойства и способы управления ими. Показано, что эффективным способом управления аналитическими свойствами систем на основе квантовых точек является направленное изменение сродства к компонентам за счет варьирования природы стабилизирующей или модифицирующей оболочки. Для использования в аналитических целях выделены полупроводниковые коллоидные квантовые точки, покрытые оболочкой с большей шириной запрещенной зоны, как наиболее часто используемые системы, благодаря их хорошим фотостабильности и квантовому выходу флуоресценции. Показаны преимущества и недостатки других типов оболочек, а также способы их модификации. Рассмотрены решения для органического анализа и медицинской диагностики. Рассмотрены системы квантовых точек, применяемые в качестве биосенсоров, с различными направляющими агентами, сопоставлены их свойства, достоинства и недостатки. Определены мало проработанные вопросы и решения в направлении применения квантовых точек для разработки сенсорных систем, использования их для неинвазивного анализа живых систем по результатам детектирования легко летучих органических соединений.The article is of a review nature, in which the dynamics of publication activity is analyzed and the possibilities of using quantum dots to solve various analytical problems are evaluated. The attention is paid to both traditional and relatively rare areas of analytical application of these nanostructures. A brief review of the types, advantages and disadvantages of synthesis methods, the influence of external factors on the band gap and luminescence intensity of inorganic nanosized phosphors, quantum dots of different nature, is presented. The areas of application and the main tasks solved with the use of quantum dots are systematized. Their analytical characteristics, operational properties and ways of regulating them are discussed. An effective way to control the analytical properties of the systems based on quantum dots is a directional change of the affinity for components by varying the nature of the stabilizing or modifying shell. Semiconductor colloidal quantum dots coated with a larger bandgap shell were selected for analytical use as the most commonly used systems due to their good photostability and fluorescence quantum yield. The advantages and disadvantages of other types of shells, as well as ways of modifying them, are shown. Solutions for organic analysis and medical diagnostics are considered. Systems of quantum dots used as biosensors with various guiding agents are considered, and their properties, advantages and disadvantages compared. Little studied issues and solutions in the direction of using quantum dots for developing sensor systems and their use for non-invasive analysis of living systems based on the results of detection of volatile organic compounds are identified.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-23-00609, https://rscf.ru/project/ 23-23-00609.This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. № 23-23-00609, https://rscf.ru/project/ 23-23-00609

CLINICALLY RELEVANT MINOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS FOR RUSSIAN PATIENTS UNDERGOING HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from healthy donors is used for blood cancer treatment. Alloreactive graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is one of the post-transplant detrimental side effects, and the main reason for GVHD after HSCT fully matched for human leukocyte peptide antigens (HLA) presented by HLA molecules on cell surface. These polymorphic peptides, minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA), arise from any genes, including those expressed at hematopoietic tissues. The latter may lead to the s.c. graft-versus-leukemia effect (GvL), thus preventing relapse of a malignancy. A*02:01 is one of the most frequent HLA alleles for European part of Russia. We assessed frequencies for 20 MiHA-encoded genetic polymorphisms, presented via A*02:01 allele, for plausible bone marrow donors, or hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from the Donor Registry at Russian National Research Center for Hematology, we have also determined a number of immunogenic mismatches for these 20 MiHA in real donor – recipient pairs. A total of 608 potential donors, 90 donors and 92 recipients were genotyped. Using public data, we have shown that frequencies for MiHA coding genes are most close to appropriate frequencies among the European population. We have calculated probability of MiHA-specific alloimmune response after HSCT: there are chances of 33 and 75% for three or more immunogenic mismatches (IM) for related and unrelated HSCTs, respectively. Real frequencies for immune mismatch in 20 related and 20 unrelated donor – recipient pairs are in accordance with estimated theoretical probabilities. As based on the calculated frequencies, we suggest the LB-NDC80- 1P/A, LB-CCL4- 1T, and HA-1 MiHA to be the most promising minor antigens for targeted cell therapies of hematopoietic tissue malignancies. The data obtained could be used for planning allo-HSCTs in Russian patients

Inspired by Sea Urchins: Warburg Effect Mediated Selectivity of Novel Synthetic Non-Glycoside 1,4-Naphthoquinone-6S-Glucose Conjugates in Prostate Cancer

The phenomenon of high sugar consumption by tumor cells is known as Warburg effect. It results from a high glycolysis rate, used by tumors as preferred metabolic pathway even in aerobic conditions. Targeting the Warburg effect to specifically deliver sugar conjugated cytotoxic compounds into tumor cells is a promising approach to create new selective drugs. We designed, synthesized, and analyzed a library of novel 6-S-(1,4-naphthoquinone-2-yl)-d-glucose chimera molecules (SABs)—novel sugar conjugates of 1,4-naphthoquinone analogs of the sea urchin pigments spinochromes, which have previously shown anticancer properties. A sulfur linker (thioether bond) was used to prevent potential hydrolysis by human glycoside-unspecific enzymes. The synthesized compounds exhibited a Warburg effect mediated selectivity to human prostate cancer cells (including highly drug-resistant cell lines). Mitochondria were identified as a primary cellular target of SABs. The mechanism of action included mitochondria membrane permeabilization, followed by ROS upregulation and release of cytotoxic mitochondrial proteins (AIF and cytochrome C) to the cytoplasm, which led to the consequent caspase-9 and -3 activation, PARP cleavage, and apoptosis-like cell death. These results enable us to further clinically develop these compounds for effective Warburg effect targeting

КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ УСПЕШНОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ БОЛЬНОГО РАКОМ ПИЩЕВОДА IV СТАДИИ

Background. Esophageal cancer is among the ten most common cancers and causes-related mortality worldwide. Most patients present with an advanced stage tumor at diagnosis. To treat patients with esophageal cancer, radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy is usually used. In the clinic of A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Scientific Center, patients with advanced esophageal cancer are treated with split-course radiotherapy delivered in two fractions (1–1.5 Gy) with a 4-hour interval. The positive effect is observed significantly earlier than in conventional radiotherapy.Case description. A 50-year-old male patient presented with complaints of hoarseness of voice and difficulty swallowing in February 2015. The patient was diagnosed with stage cТ4N2M1 cervical esophageal cancer (tumor length 3.5 cm) with metastases in cervical lymph nodes and the thyroid and esophageal stenosis (stage IV). Cytological examination revealed keratinizing squamous cell esophageal carcinoma. The tumor was considered inoperable. The patient underwent gastrostomy. Radiation therapy delivered to the tumor and metastases was performed 5 times a week using two lateral fields and one anterior field. The total radiation dose was 60 Gy. A complete response was achieved. Three courses of chemotherapy with carboplatin (AUC 6), paclitaxel (75 mg/m2 ) with a 21-day interval were administered 2 months after radiotherapy. In January 2016, new metastases in the thyroid were detected. Thyroidectomy with microsurgical neurolysis of the laryngeal nerves was performed. The patient is alive 3 years and 7 months after diagnosis.Conclusion. The use of nonconventional fractionated radiotherapy schedules in combination with chemotherapy allows satisfactory treatment outcomes in patients with advanced esophageal cancer to be obtained. Актуальность. Рак пищевода (РП) находится в первой десятке опухолей с высокой летальностью. В большинстве случаев на момент постановки диагноза уже имеется III–IV стадия опухолевого процесса. Лечение больных с распространенным опухолевым процессом – чрезвычайно сложная задача, для решения которой используется лучевая терапия в сочетании с химиотерапией. В клинике Медицинского радиологического научного Центра им. А.Ф. Цыба при лечении больных распространенным раком пищевода применяется методика дробления укрупненной дневной дозы (2,5 Гр) на 2 фракции (1–1,5 Гр) с интервалом между фракциями 4 ч. Больные значительно легче переносят лечение, а эффект реканализации пищевода и уменьшение боли при проглатывании пищи наступают значительно раньше, чем при конвенциональном облучении.Описание клинического случая. Больной обратился в МРНЦ им. А.Ф. Цыба в феврале 2015 г. с жалобами на осиплость голоса и нарушение проходимости пищи. В результате комплексного обследования установлен диагноз рак шейного отдела пищевода с метастазами в лимфатические узлы шеи и в щитовидную железу сТ4N2M1, стеноз пищевода IV степени, протяженность опухоли 7,5 см. Опухоль признана неоперабельной, больному было рекомендовано лучевое лечение с паллиативной целью, выполнена гастростомия. Проведена лучевая терапия опухоли и метастазов в статическом режиме с 3 полей: с двух боковых размером 6×11 см и переднего поля 12×11 см 5 раз в неделю с дроблением дневной дозы. Суммарная очаговая доза составила 60 Гр. Получен полный положительный эффект лечения. Через 2 мес больному проведены 3 курса двухкомпонентной химиотерапии. В январе 2016 г. выполнена тиреоидэктомия с микрохирургическим невролизом гортанных нервов. Больной находится под наблюдением 3 года 7 мес после лечения, жалоб не предъявляет.Заключение. Применение нестандартных режимов фракционирования лучевой терапии в сочетании с химиотерапией позволяет получить удовлетворительные результаты лечения больных с распространенным раком пищевода.

A CASE REPORT OF SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF STAGE IV ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Background. Esophageal cancer is among the ten most common cancers and causes-related mortality worldwide. Most patients present with an advanced stage tumor at diagnosis. To treat patients with esophageal cancer, radiation therapy in combination with chemotherapy is usually used. In the clinic of A.F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Scientific Center, patients with advanced esophageal cancer are treated with split-course radiotherapy delivered in two fractions (1–1.5 Gy) with a 4-hour interval. The positive effect is observed significantly earlier than in conventional radiotherapy.Case description. A 50-year-old male patient presented with complaints of hoarseness of voice and difficulty swallowing in February 2015. The patient was diagnosed with stage cТ4N2M1 cervical esophageal cancer (tumor length 3.5 cm) with metastases in cervical lymph nodes and the thyroid and esophageal stenosis (stage IV). Cytological examination revealed keratinizing squamous cell esophageal carcinoma. The tumor was considered inoperable. The patient underwent gastrostomy. Radiation therapy delivered to the tumor and metastases was performed 5 times a week using two lateral fields and one anterior field. The total radiation dose was 60 Gy. A complete response was achieved. Three courses of chemotherapy with carboplatin (AUC 6), paclitaxel (75 mg/m2 ) with a 21-day interval were administered 2 months after radiotherapy. In January 2016, new metastases in the thyroid were detected. Thyroidectomy with microsurgical neurolysis of the laryngeal nerves was performed. The patient is alive 3 years and 7 months after diagnosis.Conclusion. The use of nonconventional fractionated radiotherapy schedules in combination with chemotherapy allows satisfactory treatment outcomes in patients with advanced esophageal cancer to be obtained