Mechanisms of Dendrites Occurrence during Crystallization: Features of the Ice Crystals Formation

Dendrites formation in the course of crystallization presents very general phenomenon, which is analyzed in details via the example of ice crystals growth in deionized water. Neutral molecules of water on the surface are combined into the double electric layer (DEL) of oriented dipoles; its field reorients approaching dipoles with observable radio-emission in the range of 150 kHz. The predominant attraction of oriented dipoles to points of gradients of this field induces dendrites growth from them, e.g. formation of characteristic form of snowflakes at free movement of clusters through saturated vapor in atmosphere. The constant electric field strengthens DELs' field and the growth of dendrites. Described phenomena should appear at crystallization of various substances with dipole molecules, features of radio-emission can allow the monitoring of certain processes in atmosphere and in technological processes. Crystallization of particles without constant moments can be stimulated by DELs of another nature with attraction of virtual moments of particles to gradients of fields and corresponding dendrites formation.Comment: 6 page

Atomic Bremsstrahlung: retrospectives, current status and perspectives

We describe here the Atomic bremsstrahlung - emission of continuous spectrum electromagnetic radiation, which is generated in collisions of particles that have internal deformable structure that includes positively and negatively charged constituents. The deformation of one of or both colliding partners induces multiple, mainly dipole, time-dependent electrical moments that become a source of radiation. The history of Atomic bremsstrahlung invention is presented and it's unusual in comparison to ordinary bremsstrahlung properties are discussed. As examples, fast electron - atom, non-relativistic and relativistic collisions are considered. Attention is given to ion - atom and atom - atom collisions. Specifics of elastic and inelastic (i.e. radiation accompanied by destruction of collision partners) Atomic bremsstrahlung will be mentioned. Attention will be given to possible manifestation of Atomic bremsstrahlung in Nature and in some exotic systems, for instance scattering of electrons upon muonic hydrogen. Some cooperative effects connected to Atomic bremsstrahlung will be considered. New classical schemes similar to Atomic bremsstrahlung will be presented.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures Submitted to Electron spectroscopy and the related phenomen

Properties of Physical Systems: Transient Singularities on Borders and Surface Transitive Zones

Certain alternative properties of physical systems are describable by supports of arguments of response functions (e.g. light cone, borders of media) and expressed by projectors; corresponding equations of restraints lead to dispersion relations, theorems of counting, etc. As supports are measurable, their absolutely strict borders contradict the spirit of quantum theory and their quantum evolution leading to appearance of subtractions or certain needed flattening would be considered. Flattening of projectors introduce transitive zones that can be examined as a specification of adiabatic hypothesis or the Bogoliubov regulatory function in QED. For demonstration of their possibilities the phenomena of refraction and reflection of electromagnetic wave are considered; they show, in particular, the inevitable appearing of double electromagnetic layers on all surfaces that formerly were repeatedly postulated, etc. Quantum dynamics of projectors proves the neediness of subtractions that usually are artificially adding and express transient singularities and zones in squeezed forms.Comment: 12 p

NDE Applications of Radio Wave Emission from Stress and Fracture

It is well-known [1], [2] that when materials are fractured, substantial local electric fields are generated. These fields are capable of accelerating charged particles from the nascent interfaces, giving rise to a class of phenomena known as “exo-emission” or “fracto-emission”. The released “exo-particles”, consisting of electrons, ions, and charged clusters or fragments, can be collected and analyzed directly. Usually, such experiments are performed under conditions of high or ultra-high vacuum. This type of particle emission has been extensively studied previously, most notably by Dickinson and his co-workers [2] — [7]. Except for previous studies of fracturing rock, performed in connection with early-warning detection of earthquakes [8], [9], and the work of Dickinson, little has been done to characterize the radio wave emission that attends material fractures. Furthermore, no previous studies of radio wave emission from the elastically or plastically strained materials have been reported. Early qualitative studies of the visible light and radio wave emission from delaminating layers of adhesively bonded polymers and metals were reported by Derjagun and his co-workers. Emission during deformation suggests itself as a possible method for diagnosing the state of dynamic material strain in situations where contact methods are not feasible or are undesirable. Examples of such potential applications are too numerous to delineate here; they include the detection of high speed particle impacts on spacecraft structures, dynamic test of radioactive, extremely hot or cold structures, and others. We also note that for the elucidation of the detailed mechanism of fracture, radio-wave emission may have advantages over other methods since, unlike acoustic or ultrasonic methods, the speed of propagation of the detected signal is much greater than the speed of the propagating crack-front in the material, so little or no deconvolution is required.</p

Lack of Accredited Clinical Training in Movement Disorders in Europe, Egypt, and Tunisia

Background: Little information is available on the official postgraduate and subspecialty training programs in movement disorders (MD) in Europe and North Africa. Objective: To survey the accessible MD clinical training in these regions. Methods: We designed a survey on clinical training in MD in different medical fields, at postgraduate and specialized levels. We assessed the characteristics of the participants and the facilities for MD care in their respective countries. We examined whether there are structured, or even accredited postgraduate, or subspecialty MD training programs in neurology, neurosurgery, internal medicine, geriatrics, neuroradiology, neuropediatrics, and general practice. Participants also shared their suggestions and needs. Results: The survey was completed in 31/49 countries. Structured postgraduate MD programs in neurology exist in 20 countries; structured neurology subspecialty training exists in 14 countries and is being developed in two additional countries. Certified neurology subspecialty training was reported to exist in 7 countries. Recommended reading lists, printed books, and other materials are the most popular educational tools, while courses, lectures, webinars, and case presentations are the most popular learning formats. Mandatory activities and skills to be certified were not defined in 15/31 countries. Most participants expressed their need for a mandatory postgraduate MD program and for certified MD sub-specialization programs in neurology. Conclusion: Certified postgraduate and subspecialty training exists only in a minority of European countries and was not found in the surveyed Egypt and Tunisia. MD training should be improved in many countries.Peer reviewe

Effect produced by karst cave microclimate on patients suffering from neurocirculatory dystonia

Available from VNTIC / VNTIC - Scientific & Technical Information Centre of RussiaSIGLERURussian Federatio