123 research outputs found
A Performance Review of Intra and Inter-Group MANET Routing Protocols under Varying Speed of Nodes
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are a cluster of self-organizing and self-governing wireless nodes without any backbone infrastructure and centralized administration. The various nodes in MANET move randomly, and this node mobility may pose challenges on the performance of routing protocols. In this paper, an Intra and intergroup performance review of various MANET routing protocols are performed under varying speed of nodes. The routing protocols included in this study are reactive, proactive, and hybrid protocols. This performance review is done using the NS2 simulator and random waypoint model. The routing protocols performance is assessed through standard performance measure metrics including packet delivery ratio, throughput, routing overhead and end to end delivery with varying speed of nodes. The simulations result shows that there is no significant impact of varying speed of nodes on standard performance evaluation metrics
Graphene is neither Relativistic nor Non-Relativistic case: Thermodynamics Aspects
Discovery of electron hydrodynamics in graphene system has opened a new scope
of analytic calculations in condensed matter physics, which was traditionally
well cultivated in science and engineering as a non-relativistic hydrodynamics
and in high energy nuclear and astro physics as relativistic hydrodynamics.
Electrons in graphene follow neither non-relativistic nor relativistic
hydrodynamics and thermodynamics. Present article has gone through systematic
microscopic calculations of thermodynamical quantities like pressure, energy
density, etc. of electron-fluid in graphene and compared with corresponding
estimations for non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic cases. Identifying the
Dirac fluid and Fermi liquid domains, we have sketched the transition of
temperature and Fermi energy dependency of electron thermodynamics for graphene
and other cases. An equivalent transition for quark matter is also discussed.
The most exciting part is the general expression of specific heat, whose Fermi
to Dirac fluid domain transition can be realized as a transition from a
solid-based to a fluid-based picture. This understanding may be connected to
the experimentally observed Wiedemann-Franz Law violation in the Dirac fluid
domain of graphene system.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figure
Modification of Low Refractive Index Polycarbonate for High Refractive Index Applications
Polycarbonates and polythiourethanes are the most popular materials in use today, for optical applications. Polycarbonates are of two types which fall in the category of low refractive index and medium refractive index. The present paper describes the conversion of low refractive index polycarbonates into high refractive index material by the use of a high refractive index monomer, polythiol, as an additive. Novel polycarbonates, where the properties of refractive index and Abbe number can be tailor made, have been obtained. Thermal studies and refractive index determination indicate the formation of a new polymer with improved properties and suitable for optical applications
Tailoring cellulose nanocrystals rheological behavior in aqueous suspensions through surface functionalization with polyethyleneimine
The present paper reports the surface modification of commercially available cellulose nanocrystals
(CNCs) using polyethyleneimine (PEI) by means of non-covalent electrostatic interaction between the
negatively charged sulfate groups of CNCs and positively charged amine functionalities of PEI. The
modification, carried out in an aqueous medium, results in a stable CNC-PEI suspension with no phase
separation that exhibit interesting rheological behavior due to bridging-type inter-particle interactions.
The Newtonian 3% (w/w) CNC suspension evolves into a non-Newtonian gel system after
modification with PEI with a consequent increase of almost three decades in complex viscosity. Preshearing
of the 3% (w/w) CNC-PEI suspension resulted in the loss of the linear viscoelastic properties
with increasing shear rate, as would be expected from the breaking of the inter-particle network.
However, the system gradually re-established the inter-particle network in less than an hour to give the
original rheological parameters. The effect of PEI on the rheological properties was attributed to the
physical adsorption of PEI chains on the CNC particles, examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS),
zeta potential, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analyses, and isothermal adsorption
studies. The modified CNC-PEI particles did not show any significant change in the particle
morphology compared to the unmodified CNCs, as observed from transmission electron microscope
(TEM) images
Performance Evaluation of Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) Engine Fuelled with Uppage Oil Methyl Ester (UOME)
For economic and social development of any country energy is one of the most essential requirements. Continuously increasing price of crude petroleum fuels in the present days coupled with alarming emissions and stringent emission regulations has led to growing attention towards use of alternative fuels like vegetable oils, alcoholic and gaseous fuels for diesel engine applications. Use of such fuels can ease the burden on the economy by curtailing the fuel imports. Diesel engines are highly efficient and the main problems associated with them is their high smoke and NOx emissions. Hence there is an urgent need to promote the use of alternative fuels in place of high speed diesel (HSD) as substitute. India has a large agriculture base that can be used as a feed stock to obtain newer fuel which is renewable and sustainable. Accordingly Uppage oil methyl ester (UOME) biodiesel was selected as an alternative fuel. Use of biodiesels in diesel engines fitted with mechanical fuel injection systems has limitation on the injector opening pressure (300 bar). CRDI system can overcome this drawback by injecting fuel at very high pressures (1500-2500 bar) and is most suitable for biodiesel fuels which are high viscous. This paper presents the performance and emission characteristics of a CRDI diesel engine fuelled with UOME biodiesel at different injection timings and injection pressures. From the experimental evidence it was revealed that UOME biodiesel yielded overall better performance with reduced emissions at retarded injection timing of -10° BTDC in CRDI mode of engine operation
Non-covalent surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals by polyethyleneimine
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are bio-derived, natively hydrophilic nanomaterials that disperse well in water according
to their surface chemistry upon extraction. However, to be suspended in non-polar, hydrophobic media such as most
polymers [1], the CNCs are chemically modified by reactions that are environmentally unfriendly and not cost-effective
for the industry. The present work reports the preliminary findings of the non-covalent surface modification of CNCs
using polyethyleneimine (PEI), a common additive used in the paper industry [2], through a low-cost process and
without any use of organic solvents. The successful surface modification was confirmed through different techniques,
including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Dynamic Light
Scattering (DLS) and Zeta Potential (ζ-potential) measurements. The CNC agglomerates formed in aqueous suspensions
as a result of the modification showed improved dispersion in toluene and were found to precipitate in deionized water.
The turbidity measurements of the water suspensions of pristine and modified CNCs (mCNCs) were performed using
UV-Visible (UV-Vis) transmission spectroscopy
Evaluation of the ecosystem services provided by the Kailadevi wildlife sanctuary, Rajasthan, India
Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS), in Rajasthan (India), lost its Tiger (Panthera tigris) population in 2000, though since 2019 Tigers have over-spilled from the adjacent Ranthambhore National Park (RNP). Though protected, the forests of KWLS are depleted through exploitation by resident and migratory human communities. This study aims to reveal the many societal values generated within KWLS by assessing ecosystem service flows and values on a systemic basis, supported by substantial primary fieldwork. A VALUE+ approach used local interviews, primary fieldwork and literature to determine ecosystem service provision by KWLS, where possible with monetary representation. Conservative values estimated for 21 ecosystem services included: (1) benefit flows of INR 84.47 billion year-1; (2) natural capital stock of INR 367.3 billion; and (3) unquantified ecosystem services. Monetary values are purely illustrative representations largely based on surrogate markets, but nonetheless indicate the range and scale of mainly unappreciated societal benefits. Comparison of KWLS with RNP illustrates differences in service provision between lesser and highly protected ecosystems, including the potential to enhance services such as ecotourism and space for re-established Tiger and other wildlife populations, but also potential disbenefits for those currently extracting resources from KWLS who may become displaced or require compensation
Influences of hydrogen addition from different dual- fuel modes on engine behaviors
Compression ignition (CI) engines have good performance but more exhaust emissions. Dual fuel (DF) engines have better performance and lower emissions compared to CI mode. Also, the scarcity of fossil fuels made the researchers to find alternative fuels to power CI engines. Therefore, the present work aims to use hydrogen (H2) and honne oil biodiesel (BHO) to investigate the performance of CI engines in DF mode. Also, it aims to compare the performance of CI engines in various DF modes, namely induction, manifold injection, and port injection. First, the CI engine was fuelled completely by diesel fuel and BHO. The data were gathered when the engine ran at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm and at 80% load. Second, the CI engine was operated in various DF modes and data were generated. CI engine operation in DF mode was smooth with biodiesel and H2. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32% and 31.1% was reported with diesel and biodiesel, respectively, for manifold injection due to low energy content and high viscosity of biodiesel. These values were higher than CI mode and other DF modes. Fuel substitution percentage for DF manifold injection was 60% and 57% with diesel and biodiesel, respectively. Smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were lower than conventional mode, but a reverse trend was observed for oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. Heat release rate (HRR) and peak pressure (PP) were higher than conventional mode due to the fast combustion rate of hydrogen. The shortest ignition delay (ID) period was noticed for traditional diesel fuel, but it was longer for BHO biodiesel due to its higher viscosity and lower cetane number. On the contrary, the presence of hydrogen led to an increment in the combustion duration (CD) owing to the scarcity of oxygen in CD. Consequently, the paper clearly showed that the injection way of hydrogen plays a respectable role in the engine characteristics.https://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ese3hj2023Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineerin
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