Design and Installation of a Direct Exchange Ground Source Heat Pump System

Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are highly efficient, renewable and clean energy technology systems suitable for heating and cooling of residential and commercial buildings. This poster presented a design and an installation of a geothermal system using direct exchange ground source heat pump (DX-GSHP) for a cooling load of 1 ton (3.5 KW). The direct heat exchange system exchange heat with the ground through R22 refrigerant circulating in copper tubes buried at a depth of 5 m in the earth. The direct heat exchange system works on a vapor compression cycle necessitating the use of refrigerant, compressor and throttling devices. The results show that such a system is 70 to 80% more efficient than the conventional cooling systems. The coefficient of performance for this system was 4.5. The effect of using the soil of different thermal conductivities on efficiency of the system has also been investigated as a part of this research work

Corporate Social Responsibility Comparison of Small-Medium Enterprises in Finland and Pakistan:

The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility varies from place to place and it is keep changing with time. The phrase CSR became more in use since early 60’s, among other several important factors CSR is based on, corporate governance and ethics Environmental stewardship, Sustainable development factors etc. According to researchers CSR based on Philanthropic, Economic and Legal ethics pillars. In Theoretical part of this study there is brief discussion on how SME’s operating in two different regions of world. One main purpose of this thesis is to understand the concept of CSR by studying different models and approaches. The data has been gathered using Interview method, Annual reports and Study of CSR reports of the case companies, to find out how these companies defining, practicing and implementing CSR. Conclusion shows that how these business entrepreneurs are focusing Defining, Practicing and Implementing on these factors and the parameters of CSR are accordance with their own understanding.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

A Strong Duality Result for Constrained POMDPs with Multiple Cooperative Agents

The work studies the problem of decentralized constrained POMDPs in a team-setting where multiple nonstrategic agents have asymmetric information. Using an extension of Sion's Minimax theorem for functions with positive infinity and results on weak-convergence of measures, strong duality is established for the setting of infinite-horizon expected total discounted costs when the observations lie in a countable space, the actions are chosen from a finite space, the constraint costs are bounded, and the objective cost is bounded from below

DOES OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE AFFECT FIRM’S PERFORMANCE? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

In Pakistan, the ownership of majority of the firms is characterized by the concentration of different groups such as family members, associated firms, institutional investors and insiders. The present study aims to investigate whether different ownership structure including family ownership, associated ownership, institutional ownership, concentrated ownership, managerial ownership, block holding, and foreign ownership contribute to the financial performance of nonfinancial firms listed at the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Findings suggest that a firm’s performance increases significantly in the presenceof associated ownership, concentrated ownership, institutionalownership and block holding. This indicates that these ownershipstructures add value and help in reducing agency problems. On the other hand, family and managerial ownership have a negative relationship with firm performance. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of minority shareholder expropriation which states that when family ownership and managers’ involvement is higher in a firm, they exploit the funds of minor shareholders. Similarly, foreign ownership also does not add value

MODELING AND FORECASTING OF BEEF, MUTTON, POULTRY MEAT AND TOTAL MEAT PRODUCTION OF PAKISTAN FOR YEAR 2020 BY USING TIME SERIES ARIMA MODELS

We use historical time-series data reported in data table to review trends in beef , mutton, poultry meat and total meat production. In this regard, first we use data from 1971-72 to 2007-08 to estimate a time trend for beef , mutton, poultry meat and total meat production. This time trend is estimated by employing an exponential function of the form Yf = cebt, where Yf is for meat production and t depicts the year. The estimated parameters are highly statistically significant, while the overall explanatory power of the model is very high since R2 = 0.99. These results indicate that annual growth rate of meat production from 1971-72 to 2007-08 is 5% over per annum. In 2020 the projected annual growth of total production of meat will be in Pakistan , China, India and Developed world is 1.6,2.9,2.8 and 0.7 per year respectively. Similarly the total productions of meat in Pakistan in 2020 are estimated to be 4.7 million metric tons. where in 2020, China, India and develop world will be 86, 8 and 121 respectively. In 2020the per capita production is forecasted to be 25.2 kg/annum in Pakistan, 60 kg in China, 6 kg in India and 87 kg in Developing World. If we look at the production of the Beef , mutton, Poultry and meat in Pakistan , the annual growth production rate of beef is 0.6%, mutton is high and poultry meat is 1.2% so the total meat is 0.7% . The total production through 1993 for Beef, Poultry and Meat had been 35,27 and 100 million metric tons respectively and will be increased till 2020. it will be 38 million metric ton for beef, 38 million metric ton for mutton, 36 for poultry and 121 for meat. The per capita production of beef, poultry meat and meat had been 26, 21and 78 kg/annum respectively in 1993 and expected to be 28 kg ,26 kg and 87 kg for beef , poultry and meat respectively till 2020

Backward and Forward Inference in Interacting Independent-Cascade Processes: A Scalable and Convergent Message-Passing Approach

We study the problems of estimating the past and future evolutions of two diffusion processes that spread concurrently on a network. Specifically, given a known network $G=(V, \overrightarrow{E})$ and a (possibly noisy) snapshot $\mathcal{O}_n$ of its state taken at (a possibly unknown) time $W$, we wish to determine the posterior distributions of the initial state of the network and the infection times of its nodes. These distributions are useful in finding source nodes of epidemics and rumors -- $\textit{backward inference}$ -- , and estimating the spread of a fixed set of source nodes -- $\textit{forward inference}$. To model the interaction between the two processes, we study an extension of the independent-cascade (IC) model where, when a node gets infected with either process, its susceptibility to the other one changes. First, we derive the exact joint probability of the initial state of the network and the observation-snapshot $\mathcal{O}_n$. Then, using the machinery of factor-graphs, factor-graph transformations, and the generalized distributive-law, we derive a Belief-Propagation (BP) based algorithm that is scalable to large networks and can converge on graphs of arbitrary topology (at a likely expense in approximation accuracy)

Estimation of Rainwater Harvesting Potential in an Educational Institute of Faisalabad, Pakistan

Pakistan is on verge of facing severe water scarcity issues by 2025. An exponential increase in population increases the water demand as most of the population in the country depends on groundwater. Over extraction of groundwater is causing depletion in the groundwater table at an alarming rate. Water conservation is becoming the need of time. Rainwater Harvesting is one the best methods that can be used to conserve water. This paper aims to determine the total volume of water that can be conserved from Rainfall on the Rooftop at the University of Faisalabad, Amin Campus located in an industrial city Faisalabad, Pakistan. For this purpose, water usage on the campus is estimated. The area of the campus rooftop is measured by conducting a topographic survey. Rainfall data from the year 1981-2021 is collected and average monthly rainfall is calculated. The soil Conservation Service Curve Number method is adopted to calculate the run-off. Results indicated that about 1300 cubic meters of water can be conserved per year which will cover about 20-25 percent of the total water demand of the campus if a Rainwater Harvesting System is installed at the campus.Keyword: Rainwater Harvesting, Water Conservation, Water Scarcit