A STUDY REGARDING THE PREVAILING OF STRESS AMONG THE COLLEGE PLAYER IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

This study aimed to explore the prevailing level of stress among male and female college players. All the college players of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa formulated the population of the study of which a sample of 490 was drawn having 50% male and 50% female subjects. A research tool-questionnaire was developed with the help of literature, which was pilot tested having Cronbach alpha value as 0.870 before lunching in the field. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The data analysis revealed that the college players feel stress due to various reasons i.e. domination of opponents, self-poor performance and team, commitment of mistake, no cooperation among the team members, biased decision of the referee, competitions of vital importance, poor fitness level and expectation of people. It is concluded that the college players experience major stress as mental stress, psychological stress and emotional stress. The responses of male and female college players were compared and their expression regarding stress was almost similar. It is proposed that proper guidance and counseling services can be made beneficial for college players in order to overcome or minimize the stress and enhance the performance

A STUDY REGARDING THE PREVAILING OF STRESS AMONG THE COLLEGE PLAYER IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

This study aimed to explore the prevailing level of stress among male and female college players. All the college players of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa formulated the population of the study of which a sample of 490 was drawn having 50% male and 50% female subjects. A research tool-questionnaire was developed with the help of literature, which was pilot tested having Cronbach alpha value as 0.870 before lunching in the field. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The data analysis revealed that the college players feel stress due to various reasons i.e. domination of opponents, self-poor performance and team, commitment of mistake, no cooperation among the team members, biased decision of the referee, competitions of vital importance, poor fitness level and expectation of people. It is concluded that the college players experience major stress as mental stress, psychological stress and emotional stress. The responses of male and female college players were compared and their expression regarding stress was almost similar. It is proposed that proper guidance and counseling services can be made beneficial for college players in order to overcome or minimize the stress and enhance the performance

A Proposed Decision Support System/Expert System for Guiding Fresh Students in Selecting a Faculty in Gomal University, Pakistan

This paper presents the design and development of a proposed rule based Decision Support System that will help students in selecting the best suitable faculty/major decision while taking admission in Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. The basic idea of our approach is to design a model for testing and measuring the student capabilities like intelligence, understanding, comprehension, mathematical concepts plus his/her past academic record plus his/her intelligence level , and applying the module results to a rule-based decision support system to determine the compatibility of those capabilities with the available faculties/majors in Gomal University. The result is shown as a list of suggested faculties/majors with the student capabilities and abilities. Copyright © www.iiste.org Keywords: Expert System, Decision Support System, Rule-Based System and CLIPS

An Action Plan for Adaptation in Bangladesh Agriculture under Climate Change

This report is the outcome of a study titled 'An Action Plan for Adaptation in Bangladesh Agriculture under Climate Change', carried out with support from the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). This report prepared by the Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS) delineates an action plan to prioritize adaptation options after considering the inputs by experts and scrutiny by stakeholders. It aims to promote precision agriculture and commercialization of crop agriculture with strong institutional and financial footing to tackle climate change

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BAND-GAP ENERGY OF GALLIUM NITRIDE AND ITS STABILITY BEYOND ROOM TEMPERATURE USING BOSE–EINSTEIN MODEL AND VARSHNI’S MODEL

High temperature stability of band-gap energy of active layer material of a semiconductor device is one of the major challenges in the field of semiconductor optoelectronic device design. It is essential to ensure the stability in different band-gap energy dependent characteristics of the semiconductor material used to fabricate these devices either directly or indirectly. Different models have been widely used to analyze the band-gap energy dependent characteristics at different temperatures. The most commonly used methods to analyze the temperature dependence of band-gap energy of semiconductor materials are: Passler model, Bose–Einstein model and Varshni’s model. This paper is going to report the limitation of the Bose–Einstein model through a comparative analysis between Bose–Einstein model and Varshni’s model. The numerical analysis is carried out considering GaN as it is one of the most widely used semiconductor materials all over the world. From the numerical results it is ascertained that below the temperature of 95o K both the models show almost same characteristics. However beyond 95o K Varshni’s model shows weaker temperature dependence than that of Bose–Einstein model. Varshni’s model shows that the band-gap energy of GaN at 300o K is found to be 3.43eV, which establishes a good agreement with the theoretically calculated band-gap energy of GaN for operating at room temperature

A comparative analysis of the effect of temperature on band-gap energy of gallium nitride and its stability beyond room temperature using a Bose–Einstein model and Varshni'S model

High temperature stability of the band-gap energy of the active layer material of a semiconductor device is one of the major challenges in the field of semiconductor optoelectronic device design. It is essential to ensure the stability in different band-gap energy-dependent characteristics of the semiconductor material used to fabricate these devices either directly or indirectly. Different models have been widely used to analyze the band-gap energy-dependent characteristics at different temperatures. The most commonly used methods to analyze the temperature dependence of band-gap energy of semiconductor materials are: the Passler model, the Bose–Einstein model, and Varshni’s model. This paper is going to report the limitation of the Bose–Einstein model through a comparative analysis between the Bose–Einstein model and Varshni’s model. The numerical analysis is carried out considering GaN, as it is one of the most widely used semiconductor materials all over the world. From the numerical results it is ascertained that below the temperature of 95 K both the models show almost same characteristics. However, beyond 95 K Varshni’s model shows weaker temperature dependence than that of the Bose–Einstein model. Varshni’s model shows that the band-gap energy of GaN at 300 K is found to be 3.43 eV, which establishes a good agreement with the theoretically calculated band-gap energy of GaN for operation at room temperature. Kestabilan bahan peranti semikonduktor pada suhu tinggi di lapisan aktif jurang tenaga (band-gap) adalah salah satu cabaran penting dalam bidang reka bentuk peranti optoelektronik semikonduktor. Faktor ini bergantung kepada bahan semikonduktor yang digunakan untuk proses fabrikasi peranti elektronik ini samada secara langsung atau tidak langsung, bagi memastikan kestabilan dalam pelbagai jurang lapisan tenaga. Model yang berbeza telah digunakan secara meluas untuk mengkaji kebergantungan ciri jurang lapisan tenaga bahan semikonduktor pada suhu yang berbeza. Kaedah yang paling biasa digunakan untuk menganalisa kebergantungan jurang lapisan tenaga bahan semikonduktor pada suhu adalah: model Passler, model Bose-Einstein dan model Varshni. Sementara itu pada suhu melebihi 95K, model Varshni menunjukkan kebergantungan pada suhu adalah lemah berbanding model Bose-Einstein. Model Varshni menunjukkan bahawa jurang tenaga bagi GaN pada suhu 300 K adalah 3.43 eV, di mana ia adalah tepat dan bersamaan dengan kiraan teori pada jurang lapisan tenaga GaN untuk beroperasi pada suhu bilik

Cadmium phytotoxicity: issues, progress, environmental concerns and future perspectives

Cadmium, a high toxicity element, is a potential threat to plant and human health, and a dangerous pollutant in the environment. Uptake and accumulation by crops represent the main entry pathway for potentially health-threatening toxic metals into human and animal food. Crops and other plants take up Cd from the soil or water and may distribute it in their roots and shoots. Soil and/or water are usually contaminated with Cd through natural sources, industrial effluent, and anthropogenic activities. In this review, the sources of Cd contamination, evaluation of the phytotoxic effects on plants, and mode of action of Cd toxicity, were summarized. Plant defensive strategies upon excess Cd are also considered in this review. Cd-induced effects include oxidative stress, disintegration of the photosynthetic apparatus, reduction in gas exchange parameters, nutrient imbalance, and subcellular organelle degradation. In addition, Cd severely impairs biomolecules such as DNA, protein, and lipids. Although plants are sessile in nature, they are equipped with certain mechanisms to cope with unfavorable conditions. These mechanisms include synthesis of metal-helating proteins, expression of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, organic acids, and plant root–mycorrhiza association. The built-in system of plant tolerance to Cd can be further enhanced by the application of exogenous organic and inorganic metal sources. This review will broaden the knowledge about the Cd accumulation in plants and the responses to metal exposure, as well as our understanding of metal tolerance and overcoming this serious issue for sustainable agriculture and human health worldwide. Highlights Cd accumulation has harmful effects in an organism. Cd has been listed 7th out of 275 compounds in the priority list of hazardous materials. Cd remains in the soil for 15–1100 years. Plants usually imply certain strategies to overcome Cd toxicity. Plants built-in systems can be enhanced to overwhelmed this problem.Cadmium, a high toxicity element, is a potential threat to plant and human health, and a dangerous pollutant in the environment. Uptake and accumulation by crops represent the main entry pathway for potentially health-threatening toxic metals into human and animal food. Crops and other plants take up Cd from the soil or water and may distribute it in their roots and shoots. Soil and/or water are usually contaminated with Cd through natural sources, industrial effluent, and anthropogenic activities. In this review, the sources of Cd contamination, evaluation of the phytotoxic effects on plants, and mode of action of Cd toxicity, were summarized. Plant defensive strategies upon excess Cd are also considered in this review. Cd-induced effects include oxidative stress, disintegration of the photosynthetic apparatus, reduction in gas exchange parameters, nutrient imbalance, and subcellular organelle degradation. In addition, Cd severely impairs biomolecules such as DNA, protein, and lipids. Although plants are sessile in nature, they are equipped with certain mechanisms to cope with unfavorable conditions. These mechanisms include synthesis of metal-helating proteins, expression of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, organic acids, and plant root–mycorrhiza association. The built-in system of plant tolerance to Cd can be further enhanced by the application of exogenous organic and inorganic metal sources. This review will broaden the knowledge about the Cd accumulation in plants and the responses to metal exposure, as well as our understanding of metal tolerance and overcoming this serious issue for sustainable agriculture and human health worldwide. Highlights Cd accumulation has harmful effects in an organism. Cd has been listed 7th out of 275 compounds in the priority list of hazardous materials. Cd remains in the soil for 15–1100 years. Plants usually imply certain strategies to overcome Cd toxicity. Plants built-in systems can be enhanced to overwhelmed this problem

A hybrid mask RCNN-based tool to localize dental cavities from real-time mixed photographic images

Nearly 3.5 billion humans have oral health issues, including dental caries, which requires dentist-patient exposure in oral examinations. The automated approaches identify and locate carious regions from dental images by localizing and processing either colored photographs or X-ray images taken via specialized dental photography cameras. The dentists’ interpretation of carious regions is difficult since the detected regions are masked using solid coloring and limited to a particular dental image type. The software-based automated tools to localize caries from dental images taken via ordinary cameras requires further investigation. This research provided a mixed dataset of dental photographic (colored or X-ray) images, instantiated a deep learning approach to enhance the existing dental image carious regions’ localization procedure, and implemented a full-fledged tool to present carious regions via simple dental images automatically. The instantiation mainly exploits the mixed dataset of dental images (colored photographs or X-rays) collected from multiple sources and pre-trained hybrid Mask RCNN to localize dental carious regions. The evaluations performed by the dentists showed that the correctness of annotated datasets is up to 96%, and the accuracy of the proposed system is between 78% and 92%. Moreover, the system achieved the overall satisfaction level of dentists above 80%