Effect of cypermethrin toxicity on enzyme activities in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio

Cyprinus carpio a freshwater fish, was exposed to lethal concentration (7.5 μg/L) for one, three, five, seven and nine days and, sublethal concentration (1.5 μg/L) for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of cypermethrin, respectively to observe the enzyme activity in functionally three different tissues; that is, muscle, gill and liver. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were increased in all the tissues with an increase in exposure time of cypermethrin. Though, under sublethal concentration of cypermethrin for 14, 21 and 28 days, a decreasing trend was observed in all the three tissues. The increased levels of amino transferase might be attributed to tissue damage under toxic stress in C. carpio. It has been concluded that the usefulness of the enzymes as biomarkers of cypermethrin toxicity appeared to be concentration and tissue dependent and can be effectively used to assess the impact of the agrochemical on the fish.Keywords: Cypermethrin, Cyprinus carpio, enzymes activity, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 13(10), pp. 1169-1173, 5 March, 201

Anti-proliferative Effects of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead on Rat Pups Brain Cells

Abstract.-Industrialization and anthropogenic activities are constantly introducing heavy metals in biosphere, which is becoming a serious global issue. Arsenic and cadmium are known human carcinogens, while exposure of lead is also very toxic for human body. In the present study, anti-proliferative effects of arsenic, cadmium and lead were investigated on rat pups brain cells (RPBCs). RPBCs were isolated from one day old rat pup after dissection of brain. Anti-proliferative effects of arsenic, cadmium and lead were tested by neutral red uptake assay. Both arsenic and cadmium proved to be very toxic for RPBCs and there was great reduction in growth of cells as well as change in morphology. There was marked decrease in cells proliferation when cells were exposed to higher metal concentrations (10 µg/ml) and longer duration (48 h). Exposure to lead also resulted in reduced proliferation of cells and change in morphology but effect of lead was not as severe as of arsenic and cadmium. Moreover, lead at lower concentration increased the proliferation of cells. In conclusion, arsenic, cadmium and lead are very toxic for RPBCs and impair the proliferation and morphology of cells

Effect of sodium cyanide on the activities of some oxidative enzymes and metabolites in Clarias gariepinus

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of sodium cyanide on oxidative metabolism, alterations in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), behavior, respiratory rate and metabolites (lactic and pyruvic acid) of the fingerling of Clarias gariepinus. The fingerlings were exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.75 mgL-1) of sodium cyanide. Fish showed a gradual decrease in respiratory rate, increase in LDH and decrease in SDH levels, and lactic acid followed a similar trend with pyruvate in an eight-day trial. The changes in the levels of these enzyme activities may be as a result of impaired oxidative metabolism and cellular damage, which had effect on the release of these enzymes. Elevation in the level of lactic acid and decrease in pyruvic acid was due to shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism which resulted to a severe drop in the respiratory rate of the fish. It may be as a result of blockage of electron transfer from cytochrome-c oxidase to molecular oxygen which might lead to cellular hypoxia even in the presence of normal oxygenation of hemoglobin. Thus, inhibition of oxidative metabolism by sodium cyanide in C. garipenus was reconfirmed. Behavioral changes caused by sodium cyanide exposure in the fish were probably due to the combination of lactate acidosis with cytotoxic hypoxia, which might depress the central nervous system.Key words: Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lactic acid, pyruvate, behavior, enzymes

Novel non-estrogenic endpoints of alkylphenol toxicity in fish

770-774Evidence of the severe effects of alkylphenols (APs) on different fish species exists in a number of axes including endocrine and non-endocrine as well. Present study demonstrates the non-estrogenic attribution of AP in fish species. Confirming this non-estrogenic action of alkylphenols, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were subjected to different doses of APs to study the effect of such class of chemicals on the fish embryogenesis during the first 120 hours of fertilization

Heavy Metals in Garra gotyla , Cyprinus carpio and Cyprinion watsoni from the River Panjkora, District, Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in the River Panjkora, Pakistan, in order to assess the level of heavy metals accumulated in the liver, kidneys, gills and muscle tissues of three highly consumed fish species by the local community, Garra gotyla, Cyprinus carpio and Cyprinion watsoni. The heavy metals including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) were determined in the collected fish specimens through an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Level of heavy metals significantly varied depending upon tissues type and fish species. Cyprinus carpio accumulated highest concentration of heavy metals, followed by Garra gotyla while Cyprinion watsoni accumulated least concentration of heavy metals. All the three species displayed significant differences in level of accumulated heavy metals. The order of accumulation in tissues was gills<muscles<kidney<liver. Cd and Ni were not detected in all collected specimens while Mn was not detected in the tissues of Cyprinion watsoni collected from the reference site

Environmentally induced nephrotoxicity and histopathological alternations in Wallago attu and Cirrhinus mrigla

Fish kidneys are sensitive to chemical changes in the freshwater ecosystem because they are directly and constantly exposed to chemicals dissolved in the water. This study evaluated nephrotoxicity in Wallago attu and Cirrhinus mrigala harvested from the Chenab River in an area of industrial and sewage waste disposal. Induced histological alternation data were correlated to the severity of environmental degradation in order to determine whether this biological system can be used as a tool for environmental monitoring programs. Kidneys from two fish species occupying different niches were collected and stored for 24 h in 10% formalin. Control fish were collected upstream of the polluted river area. Specimens were processed using topical histological methods. The major histological alterations observed in both species were renal tubule myxospora, hyperemia, glomerulonephritis, degeneration of renal tubule cells, dilation of glomerular capillaries, presence of pycnotic nuclei in the hematopoietic tissue, epithelial hypertrophy, vacuolization, reduced lumen of renal tubules, and shrinkage of glomeruli. Renal tubular atrophy, degeneration due to extensive degranulation, necrosis of glomeruli, glomerular expansion, absence of Bowman’s space, hypertrophied nucleus, necrosis and hyalinization of the interstitium, clogging of tubules, and regeneration of tubules was also observed. Wallago attu exhibited the maximum incidence of moderate to severe changes and was defined as having the highest “histopathologic alteration index”. These severe alterations were found to be related to environmental degradation, indicating the presence of stressors in freshwater. Control groups showed normal tissue morphology in the kidneys. Keywords: Fish, Histopathological, Pollution, Nephrotoxicity, Necrosi

Effects of Replacement of Fishmeal with other Alternative Plant Sources in the Feed on Proximate Composition of Muscle, Liver and Ovary in Tilapia (Oreochromis nioloticus)

ABSTRACT The major objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of alternate plant protein sources as a replacement for fish meal in feed on the proximate composition of muscle, liver and tissue in Oreochromis niloticus. O. niloticus of average size (average Weight 45.00±1.25 g, total length 13.28±1.42 cm) were stocked in 100 L glass aquarium. Fish were fed with three experimental feeds (A, B and C) and reference commercial feed (D) for 16 weeks. Feed A, B and C was prepared from four different plant sources and fish meal (40 % crude protein). Fish were fed at the rate 3 % of body weight daily. It has been observed that tilapia fed with feed B in which 20 % fish meal was replaced compared to feed C with other plant sources of protein, had shown significantly higher total protein in their muscle compared to diet other experimental and commercial feeds. In O. niloticus minimum lipid content was recorded in fish fed with diet B compared to A, C and commercial feed. It has been concluded that 20-40% level of fish meal can be replaced in the diet of fish without having any impact on growth and chemical composition of muscle

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from molted feathers of Pavo cristatus and their antibiofilm and anticancer activities

Synthesis, characterization, and biological applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles using P. cristatus

Cobalt Sulfide Confined in N-Doped Porous Branched Carbon Nanotubes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered new generation of large-scale energy-storage devices. However, LIBs suffer from a lack of desirable anode materials with excellent specific capacity and cycling stability. In this work, we design a novel hierarchical structure constructed by encapsulating cobalt sulfide nanowires within nitrogen-doped porous branched carbon nanotubes (NBNTs) for LIBs. The unique hierarchical Co9S8@NBNT electrode displayed a reversible specific capacity of 1310 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, and was able to maintain a stable reversible discharge capacity of 1109 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 with coulombic efficiency reaching almost 100% for 200 cycles. The excellent rate and cycling capabilities can be ascribed to the hierarchical porosity of the one-dimensional Co9S8@NBNT internetworks, the incorporation of nitrogen doping, and the carbon nanotube confinement of the active cobalt sulfide nanowires offering a proximate electron pathway for the isolated nanoparticles and shielding of the cobalt sulfide nanowires from pulverization over long cycling periods

Seasonal variations and community structure of plankton in relation to some environmental variables in Wadi Haneefah Stream, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

EnA study on the qualitative and quantitative variations of phytoplankton and zooplankton populations as well as physico-chemical condition of water at three different locations in Wadi Haneefah Stream was carried out. Water temperature fluctuated between 18.0°C and 32.0°C, while pH values ranged from 7.1 to 8.5. Dissolved oxygen concentration reached maximum in May. The contents of chloride, Alkalinity and sulphate were highest in July-August. It is found that most of the parameters studied (turbidity, conductivity, hardness, total nitrogen, total dissolved solids, phosphorus, BOD and COD) have high values in summer months (June – September). A total of 50 phytoplanktonic taxa representing the families Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Desmidiaceae and Bacillariophyceae were recorded during the present study. Among all, Bacillariophyceae was the dominating group. The population density of phytoplankton was more prominent in summer. Zooplankton community was represented mainly by Protista, Rotifera, and Crustacea. These zooplankton was peaked in July and trough in January. The effects of various physico-chemical quality parameters on the seasonal distribution and succession of planktonic organisms are also discussed