Recovery of high mountain Alpine lakes after the eradication of introduced brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis using non-chemical methods

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1867-0Fish stocking is a serious threat to originally fishless mountain lakes. We used non-chemical eradication methods (i.e. gillnetting and electrofishing) in four high mountain lakes in the Gran Paradiso National Park (Western Italian Alps) to eradicate alien brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Data of amphibians, macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, chlorophyll-a, nutrient concentrations, and water transparency were used as indicators of the recovery process. All treated lakes were returned to their original fishless condition in spite of their different sizes and habitat complexity, without permanent negative side-effects for native species. Several ecological indicators showed that many impacts of introduced fish can be reversed over a short time period following eradication. The present study adds to a still growing body of specialized literature on the recovery of habitats after the eradication of alien species and provides further evidence that physical eradication methods are effective and can be part of a more general strategy for the conservation of high mountain lake biota

Stabilité et changement de composition des communautés face à des changements environnementaux

The question whether communities should be viewed as superorganisms or loose collections of individual species has been the subject of a long-standing debate in ecology. Each view implies different spatial and temporal community patterns. When environment gradually changes in space or in time, the organismic view predicts that species turnover is discontinuous, while the individualistic view predicts gradual changes in species composition. The main objective of this thesis is to understand the theoretical conditions under which these various types of community response can occur. First, I study the role of interspecific competition can play in the emergence of various spatial community patterns. I investigate the theoretical conditions in competition under which smooth or discrete spatial patterns can emerge. Then, I study how interactions between species and their environment can lead to various community patterns in space. I notably show how ecological niche construction can lead to the emergence of abrupt changes in species composition and in the environment, and the role biodiversity plays therein. Finally, I focus on the role biodiversity can play against ecosystem collapse. In this section, I illustrate how diversity loss, through its effects on total biomass, can lead to ecosystem collapse.Les communautés d'êtres vivants peuvent elles êtres considérées comme des organismes complexes, ou au contraire comme de simples groupes d'espèces, individuelles ? Cette question est à l'origine de nombreux débats en écologie, ces deux visions impliquant notamment des prédictions très différentes dans les patrons spatiaux et temporels de communautés. Lorsque l'environnement change graduellement dans l'espace ou dans le temps, la vision individualiste implique des changements graduels dans la composition des communautés, tandis que la vision du "super-organisme" prédit des changements davantage abrupts. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de comprendre et déterminer sous quelles conditions ces différents types de réponse des communautés aux changements de l'environnement peuvent advenir. Dans une première partie, nous étudions le rôle que la compétition inter-spécifique peut jouer dans l'émergence de différents patrons spatiaux de communautés. Nous étudions notamment les conditions théoriques sous lesquelles la compétition peut faire apparaître des patrons graduels ou discontinus dans la composition des espèces. Dans une deuxième partie, nous étudions l'influence des interactions entre les espèces et leur environnement sur les patrons spatiaux de communautés. Nous montrons notamment comment des phénomènes de construction de niche peuvent mener à l'émergence de changements brutaux dans la composition des communautés, mais également dans les conditions de l'environnement. Enfin, dans une dernière partie, nous illustrons le rôle que peut jouer la biodiversité dans la protection des écosystèmes face à des effondrements écologiques, et notamment le rôle que peut jouer la biomasse dans cette protection

Superorganisms or loose collections of species? A unifying theory of community patterns along environmental gradients

The question whether communities should be viewed as superorganisms or loose collections of individual species has been the subject of a long-standing debate in ecology. Each view implies different spatiotemporal community patterns. Along spatial environmental gradients, the organismic view predicts that species turnover is discontinuous, with sharp boundaries between communities, while the individualistic view predicts gradual changes in species composition. Using a spatially explicit multispecies competition model, we show that organismic and individualistic forms of community organisation are two limiting cases along a continuum of outcomes. A high variance of competition strength leads to the emergence of organism-like communities due to the presence of alternative stable states, while weak and uniform interactions induce gradual changes in species composition. Dispersal can play a confounding role in these patterns. Our work highlights the critical importance of considering species interactions to understand and predict the responses of species and communities to environmental changes.</p

Predation by introduced fish can magnify the terrestrial arthropod subsidies in mountain lakes

A portion of the terrestrial subsidies to lentic habitats consists of arthropods. In high mountain, originally fishless lakes, terrestrial arthropods are an important seasonal food resource for introduced fish. Here we investigate how brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis can alter the input of terrestrial arthropods in ten high mountain lakes contrasting for their stocking history (with and without fish, or manipulated for fish eradication). We used a food consumption model to calculate the minimum and maximum number/biomass of arthropods consumed by fish and we found that they can exceed several folds the number/biomass of arthropods sinking into the lakes, at least under the metabolic rates expected for fish for most of the summer. We interpret this result as an indirect indication that arthropods usually cannot overcome the surface tension at the lake surface and that fish can work as a vector across the water-air interface. We infer that pathways for dead and alive arthropods to leave the lakes do exist and fish can transfer into the water column many arthropods whose fate was leaving the lakes, which may have overlooked ecological and conservation implications.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author