¿Tendrá indicencia en el derecho del trabajo francés la nueva definición de discapacidad del derecho comunitario?

[Resumen] Análisis del impacto en el Derecho del Trabajo francés de la nueva concepción de la discapacidad en el Derecho de la Unión Europea, después de la Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas (Gran Sala) de 11 julio 2006, sobre despido de una trabajadora que se encontraba de baja laboral por enfermedad.[Abstract] Analysis of the impact on the French Labour Law of the new conception of the disability in the European Union Law, after the Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Grand Chamber) 11 July 2006, about dismissal of a worker who was absent from work on grounds of sickness

L’Union européenne et les régimes fédératifs : les irréductibles spécificités européennes

Le propos de cet article est de faire ressortir deux phénomènes qui sont à la base de la profonde méconnaissance de la construction européenne dans le domaine du social. La construction communautaire dans le domaine social est par essence même complexe et elle reflète la complication générale résultant des compromis qui sont à la base de l’Union européenne. La production de règles de droit en matière de protection sociale est de surcroît depuis une vingtaine d’années marquée par un vaste mouvement de désengagement de l’État national au profit d’entités subétatiques — régions, États fédérés, provinces — avec plus ou moins de compétences dans le domaine de la protection sociale. Les niveaux de création de normes de droit se trouvent ainsi multipliés.The article identifies two phenomena that underlie current profound misunderstanding about the European dimension of the social policy domain. Community action in this area is of necessity complicated and it also reflects the general complexity that results from the compromises that underpin the European Union. For the last two decades, the development of legal regulation in the area of social protection has been shaped by a major trend toward the disengagement of the national state and downloading to sub-national units – regions, states or provinces – which have greater or lesser powers in this policy domain. The result has been a multiplication of levels at which norms are created

L'Europe sociale oubliée : l'activité du Conseil de l'Europe dans le domaine de la protection sociale

International audienceThis article tries to highlight the influence of the rules of the Council of Europe in the field of social security on French la

Protection sociale, libertés économiquesunionistes et droit constitutionnel national: le cas de la protection sociale instaurée par voie de convention collective en France

Collective agreements have since WWII installed not only complementary social protection benefits at a branch level, but the social partners have also cerated their own paritarian nonprofit insurance companies. Clauses of these collective agreement allowed the social partners to impose a unique industry-wide agreement, which provides for compulsory affiliation to a scheme for supplementary reimbursement of costs for all undertakings within the respective sector. The French Constitutional Council has declared provisions pertaining to these "designation clauses » contrary to entrepreneurial freedom and contractual freedom are guaranteed by the French Constitution. The European Court of Justice ruled on these "designation clauses" approved their use in the case AG2R Prévoyance contre Beaudout Père et Fils SARL. The article examines the complex interaction between collective bargaining, complementary social protection schemes, EU and French constitutional law and their consequences. Structure of this study: 1. Solidarity mechanism in collective agreements 2. Solidarity and economic freedoms : recognition and condemning 2.1 case law in favor of designation clauses in the name of solidarity 2.2. The consequences of Constitutional council ruling on the French insurance market

High Mortality of a Population of Cowbirds Wintering at Columbus, Ohio

High mortality was experienced during two heavy rainfalls by a wintering population of Cowbirds in Columbus, Ohio. Their death was associated with a soaking of their feathers, and their inability to fly and to remain on their perches in the roost. Causes of death may be associated with the lowering of their body temperature, enhanced by bathing in streams containing detergents

Tyrosine residues mediate supercontraction in biomimetic spider silk

Water and humidity severely affect the material properties of spider major ampullate silk, causing the fiber to become plasticized, contract, swell and undergo torsion. Several amino acid residue types have been proposed to be involved in this process, but the complex composition of the native fiber complicates detailed investigations. Here, we observe supercontraction in biomimetically produced artificial spider silk fibers composed of defined proteins. We found experimental evidence that proline is not the sole residue responsible for supercontraction and that tyrosine residues in the amorphous regions of the silk fiber play an important role. Furthermore, we show that the response of artificial silk fibers to humidity can be tuned, which is important for the development of materials for applications in wet environments, eg producing water resistant fibers with maximal strain at break and toughness modulus

Identification of the target self-antigens in reperfusion injury

Reperfusion injury (RI), a potential life-threatening disorder, represents an acute inflammatory response after periods of ischemia resulting from myocardial infarction, stroke, surgery, or trauma. The recent identification of a monoclonal natural IgM that initiates RI led to the identification of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain type II A and C as the self-targets in two different tissues. These results identify a novel pathway in which the innate response to a highly conserved self-antigen expressed as a result of hypoxic stress results in tissue destruction