Quantity Tropes and Internal Relations

In this article, we present a new conception of internal relations between quantity tropes falling under determinates and determinables. We begin by providing a novel characterization of the necessary relations between these tropes as basic internal relations. The core ideas here are that the existence of the relata is sufficient for their being internally related, and that their being related does not require the existence of any specific entities distinct from the relata. We argue that quantity tropes are, as determinate particular natures, internally related by certain relations of proportion and order. By being determined by the nature of tropes, the relations of proportion and order remain invariant in conventional choice of unit for any quantity and give rise to natural divisions among tropes. As a consequence, tropes fall under distinct determinables and determinates. Our conception provides an accurate account of quantitative distances between tropes but avoids commitment to determinable universals. In this important respect, it compares favorably with the standard conception taking exact similarity and quantitative distances as primitive internal relations. Moreover, we argue for the superiority of our approach in comparison with two additional recent accounts of the similarity of quantity tropes

Kinds of Tropes without Kinds

In this article, we propose a new trope nominalist conception of determinate and determinable kinds of quantitative tropes. The conception is developed as follows. First, we formulate a new account of tropes falling under the same determinates and determinables in terms of internal relations of proportion and order. Our account is a considerable improvement on the current standard account (Campbell 1990; Maurin 2002; Simons 2003) because it does not rely on primitive internal relations of exact similarity or quantitative distance. The internal relations of proportion and order hold because the related tropes exist; no kinds of tropes need be assumed here. Second, we argue that there are only pluralities of tropes in relations of proportion and order. The tropes mutually connected by the relations of proportion and order form a special type of plurality, tropes belonging to the same kind. Unlike the recent nominalist accounts, we do not identify kinds of tropes with any further entities (e.g. sets) or abstractions from entities (e.g. pluralities of similar tropes)

Caleyn lause ja p-ryhmä

Tässä tutkielmassa esitellään algebrallisen ryhmän käsite sekä hieman tavallisesta poikkeava tapa ymmärtää permutaatioita. Työn tärkeimpinä kohtina voi pitää Caleyn lausetta, joka yhdistää permutaation ja ryhmän käsitteet, sekä p-ryhmän käsitettä. Työssä käsitellään myös pintapuolisesti suoraan tuloon liittyviä ryhmiä. Varsinaisia esitietovaatimuksia työn ymmärtämiseksi ei ole, mutta tietynlainen matemaattinen yleissivistys on toivottavaa. Kenen tahansa kandidaattitasoisen matematiikan opiskelijan kuitenkin pitäisi pystyä ymmärtämään tämän tutkielman oleellinen sisältö. Esitelmäni perustuu Joseph J. Rotmanin kirjaan An Introduction to the Theory of Groups [2]. Tukena olen käyttänyt Tauno Metsänkylän ja Marjatta Näätäsen teosta Algebra I [1]. Permutaatioita käsittelevässä luvussa olen tukeutunut Pekka Tuomisen Todennäköisyyslaskenta I- kirjaan [3]. Permutaatioita oli tutkittu jo aikaisemminkin, mutta ryhmien teorian tutkimuksen aloitti varsinaisesti Galois (1811-1832). 1800-luvun lopussa ryhmäteoriaa tutkittiin lähinnä kahdessa päähaarassa. Nämä päähaarat olivat algebralliset ryhmät, erityisesti Lien ryhmät, sekä äärelliset ryhmät. 1900-luvulla ilmaantui kuitenkin kolmas päähaara, äärettömät ryhmät. Nykyään ryhmät esiintyvät monilla matematiikan aloilla, esimerkiksi geometriassa, topologiassa ja logiikassa

Uudisrakentamisen tuotteiden ajankohtaiset muutokset

Tämän opinnäytetyön aiheena oli Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy:n teettämä tutkimus uudisrakentamisen tuotteiden ajankohtaisista muutoksista. Tavoitteena oli löytää tämän päivän käytetyimmät uudisrakentamisen tuotteet ja materiaalit, niiden käytössä viimeisen viiden vuoden aikana tapahtuneet muutokset sekä tunnistaa tulossa olevia muutoksia. Tietoa yleisimmin käytettävistä tuotteista hyödynnetään Tilastokeskuksen kuukausittain julkaistavassa rakennuskustannusindeksin tuotevalikoiman ajantasaistamisessa. Rakennuskustannusindeksi kuvaa rakennustöiden ja -tarvikkeiden hintojen suhteellista muutosta. Tässä työssä käsitellään ainoastaan rakennustuotteita. Sähköisen talotekniikan ja LVI-talotekniikan tuotteista on tehty vastaavat työt, jotka toteutettiin myös TAMKin opiskelijoilla. Työ on luottamuksellinen, joten tässä julkaisussa keskitytään työn toteutukseen ja tuloksia käsitellään yleisellä tasolla. Ensimmäisessä osiossa tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin asiantuntijahaastatteluja. Niiden perusteella eniten käytetyissä rakennustuotteissa on viimeisen viiden vuoden aikana tapahtunut melko paljon muutoksia, joten työ osoittautui tärkeäksi ja tulokset tulevat muuttamaan rakennuskustannusindeksin tuotevalikoimaa. Työn toinen osio käsitteli seuraavan viiden vuoden aikana tapahtuvia muutoksia uudisrakentamisen tuotteiden osalta. Tähän perehdyttiin kirjallisuustutkimuksen avulla. Muutosten syiksi tunnistettiin muun muassa määräysten muuttuminen tai teknologian uudistuminen. Tässä työssä esitetyt päätelmät tulevaisuuden muutoksista ohjaavat ja auttavat seuraavaa vastaavan tutkimustyön tekijää.The subject of the thesis was current changes in the products used in new construction. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ordered the study. The objective was to find out which products and materials are used the most in today's new construction, and to chart any changes that have taken place during the last five years and to identify future changes. Product information is used as help in the building cost index. The building cost index represents a relative change in the prices of building work and building supplies. This thesis deals only with building products. Products related with electrical services and HVAC services are discussed in theses of their own, published earlier at TAMK. The work is confidential, so this publication concentrates on the realization of the work and the results are dealt with in a general level. The research method selected for the first part was expert interviews. According to the interviews fairly many changes have taken place during the last five years in the most used building products. Because of this the work proved to be important and the results will change the product selection of the building cost index. The second part discusses changes in the products used in new construction, which will take place during the five following years. This part was based on literary research. The reasons for the changes are for example changes in regulations and development of technology. The conclusions on the changes in the future, which have been presented in this work, will direct and help future research on this topic

Mobilising the Racialised 'Others' : Postethnic Activism, Neoliberalisation and Racial Politics

This book provides an original approach to the connections of race, racism and neoliberalisation through a focus on ‘postethnic activism,’ in which mobilisation is based on racialisation as non-white or ‘other’ instead of ethnic group membership. Developing the theoretical understanding of political activism under the neoliberal turn in racial capitalism and the increasingly hostile political environment towards migrants and racialised minorities, the book investigates the conditions, forms and visions of postethnic activism in three Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden and Finland). It connects the historical legacies of European colonialism to the current configurations of racial politics and global capitalism. The book compellingly argues that contrary to the tendencies of neoliberal postracialism to de-politicise social inequalities the activists are re-politicising questions of race, class and gender in new ways. The book is of interest to scholars and students in sociology, ethnic and racial studies, cultural studies, feminist studies and urban studies.Peer reviewe

Participatory democracy and civil society – transforming societal decision making in the information age

Various points of view to the current global social transition period and the coming of the information age, both of which are characterized by an unprecedented global telecommunications and information networks explosion will be discussed. Our position is that the rapid diffusion of computers and connected networks of electronic means, the information and communications technology (ICT) will have even more profound impact than before on various social phenomena such as work, entertainment, business, education and, most important of all, democracy - how it is understood, exercised and developed. What is ready to be born, then, is "teledemocracy" - a new form of direct democracy promoted by the ICT and Information Networks

Her Mistress’s Voice: Gynophonocentrism in Feminist Discourses

From the article: I will trace the metaphors of voice in the discourses of feminisms as articulated by Judith Fetterley, Kaja Silverman, Julia Kristeva, and Hélène Cixous. I will analyze the presuppositions of their vocal or sound imagery, paying special attention to the implications of the essentialism/constructivism opposition. It is not my intention to provide a comprehensive account of voice in feminisms, nor to make sweeping generalizations on the basis of a very limited corpus. Moreover, in spite of their differences in cultural background, period, and main area of study, the four theorists to be read are, as it were, within earshot from each other, centering, whether anglo- or francophone, around the phónè, the voice. Such themes as psychoanalysis and problems of literary representation and meaning are shared by the theorists, who, with the exception of Fetterley, could be called post-structuralists. I will utilize French philosopher Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive critique of phononocentrism as a tentative hearing aid in my itinerary. I will also lend an ear to his critics, who have blamed Derrida’s idea of phonocentrism for both over-hearing and unsound scholarship. For the present purpose, I will coin the neologism gynophonocentrism, by which I mean the insistence of voice, speech, and the auditive in feminist discourses or in texts dealing with femininity, womanhood, or the female gender

Territorial Stigmatization, Gendered Racism and Young People’s Agency in a Multi-Ethnic School

This chapter focuses on how minority young people search for ways to build their lives, gain respectability and perform agency in a societal context characterized by the previously mentioned processes. It also focuses on the gendered and sexualized aspects of racism, as they are lived out by young people in a multi-ethnic suburb in Finland, and the different strategies they develop to question, ignore and disturb practices. The chapter examines the interviews with young people who have one or two parents born outside Finland. It also examines how gendered racism shapes the conditions in which racialized minority youth live their everyday lives and how the young people challenge, ignore and disturb such discourses and practices. The concept "territorial stigmatization" also rightly points to the importance of media coverage in the establishment of othering narratives of the residence areas where ethnic/racial and class-bound inequalities merge.Peer reviewe