44 research outputs found
Optimization of the design and operation of FAIMS analyzers
Field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) holds significant promise for post-ionization separations in conjunction with mass-spectrometric analyses. However, a limited understanding of fundamentals of FAIMS analyzers has made their design and operation largely an empirical exercise. Recently, we developed an a priori simulation of FAIMS that accounts for both ion diffusion (including anisotropic components) and Coulomb repulsion, and validated it by extensive comparisons with FAIMS/MS data. Here it is corroborated further by FAIMS-only measurements, and applied to explore how key instrumental parameters (analytical gap width and length, waveform frequency and profile, the identity and flow speed of buffer gas) affect FAIMS response. We find that the trade-off between resolution and sensitivity can be managed by varying gap width, RF frequency, and (in certain cases) buffer gas, with equivalent outcome. In particular, the resolving power can be approximately doubled compared to “typical” conditions. Throughput may be increased by either accelerating the gas flow (preferable) or shortening the device, but below certain minimum residence times performance deteriorates. Bisinusoidal and clipped-sinusoidal waveforms have comparable merit, but switching to rectangular waveforms would improve resolution and/or sensitivity. For any waveform profile, the ratio of two between voltages in high and low portions of the cycle produces the best performance
Hard X-ray standing-wave photoemission insights into the structure of an epitaxial Fe/MgO multilayer magnetic tunnel junction
The Fe/MgO magnetic tunnel junction is a classic spintronic system, with current importance technologically and interest for future innovation. The key magnetic properties are linked directly to the structure of hard-to-access buried interfaces, and the Fe and MgO components near the surface are unstable when exposed to air, making a deeper probing, nondestructive, in-situ measurement ideal for this system. We have thus applied hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (HXPS) and standing-wave (SW) HXPS in the few kilo-electron-volt energy range to probe the structure of an epitaxially grown MgO/Fe superlattice. The superlattice consists of 9 repeats of MgO grown on Fe by magnetron sputtering on an MgO(001) substrate, with a protective Al2O3 capping layer. We determine through SW-HXPS that 8 of the 9 repeats are similar and ordered, with a period of 33 ± 4 Å, with the minor presence of FeO at the interfaces and a significantly distorted top bilayer with ca. 3 times the oxidation of the lower layers at the top MgO/Fe interface. There is evidence of asymmetrical oxidation on the top and bottom of the Fe layers. We find agreement with dark-field scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and X-ray reflectivity measurements. Through the STEM measurements, we confirm an overall epitaxial stack with dislocations and warping at the interfaces of ca. 5 Å. We also note a distinct difference in the top bilayer, especially MgO, with possible Fe inclusions. We thus demonstrate that SW-HXPS can be used to probe deep buried interfaces of novel magnetic devices with few-angstrom precision
Depth-Resolved Composition and Electronic Structure of Buried Layers and Interfaces in a LaNiO/SrTiO Superlattice from Soft- and Hard- X-ray Standing-Wave Angle-Resolved Photoemission
LaNiO (LNO) is an intriguing member of the rare-earth nickelates in
exhibiting a metal-insulator transition for a critical film thickness of about
4 unit cells [Son et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 062114 (2010)]; however, such
thin films also show a transition to a metallic state in superlattices with
SrTiO (STO) [Son et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 202109 (2010)]. In order to
better understand this transition, we have studied a strained LNO/STO
superlattice with 10 repeats of [4 unit-cell LNO/3 unit-cell STO] grown on an
(LaAlO)(SrAlTaO) substrate using soft x-ray
standing-wave-excited angle-resolved photoemission (SWARPES), together with
soft- and hard- x-ray photoemission measurements of core levels and
densities-of-states valence spectra. The experimental results are compared with
state-of-the-art density functional theory (DFT) calculations of band
structures and densities of states. Using core-level rocking curves and x-ray
optical modeling to assess the position of the standing wave, SWARPES
measurements are carried out for various incidence angles and used to determine
interface-specific changes in momentum-resolved electronic structure. We
further show that the momentum-resolved behavior of the Ni 3d eg and t2g states
near the Fermi level, as well as those at the bottom of the valence bands, is
very similar to recently published SWARPES results for a related
LaSrMnO/SrTiO superlattice that was studied using the
same technique (Gray et al., Europhysics Letters 104, 17004 (2013)), which
further validates this experimental approach and our conclusions. Our
conclusions are also supported in several ways by comparison to DFT
calculations for the parent materials and the superlattice, including
layer-resolved density-of-states results
Characterization of free standing InAs quantum membranes by standing wave hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy
Free-standing nanoribbons of InAs quantum membranes (QMs) transferred onto a
(Si/Mo) multilayer mirror substrate are characterized by hard x-ray
photoemission spectroscopy (HXPS), and by standing-wave HXPS (SW-HXPS).
Information on the chemical composition and on the chemical states of the
elements within the nanoribbons was obtained by HXPS and on the quantitative
depth profiles by SW-HXPS. By comparing the experimental SW-HXPS rocking curves
to x-ray optical calculations, the chemical depth profile of the InAs(QM) and
its interfaces were quantitatively derived with angstrom precision. We
determined that: i) the exposure to air induced the formation of an InAsO
layer on top of the stoichiometric InAs(QM); ii) the top interface between the
air-side InAsO and the InAs(QM) is not sharp, indicating that
interdiffusion occurs between these two layers; iii) the bottom interface
between the InAs(QM) and the native oxide SiO on top of the (Si/Mo)
substrate is abrupt. In addition, the valence band offset (VBO) between the
InAs(QM) and the SiO/(Si/Mo) substrate was determined by HXPS. The value of
eV is in good agreement with literature results obtained
by electrical characterization, giving a clear indication of the formation of a
well-defined and abrupt InAs/SiO heterojunction. We have demonstrated that
HXPS and SW-HXPS are non-destructive, powerful methods for characterizing
interfaces and for providing chemical depth profiles of nanostructures, quantum
membranes, and 2D layered materials.Comment: three figure
Energetic, spatial and momentum character of a buried interface: the two-dimensional electron gas between two metal oxides
The interfaces between two condensed phases often exhibit emergent physical
properties that can lead to new physics and novel device applications, and are
the subject of intense study in many disciplines. We here apply novel
experimental and theoretical techniques to the characterization of one such
interesting interface system: the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed in
multilayers consisting of SrTiO (STO) and GdTiO (GTO). This system has
been the subject of multiple studies recently and shown to exhibit very high
carrier charge densities and ferromagnetic effects, among other intriguing
properties. We have studied a 2DEG-forming multilayer of the form [6 unit cells
STO/3 unit cells of GTO] using a unique array of photoemission
techniques including soft and hard x-ray excitation, soft x-ray angle-resolved
photoemission, core-level spectroscopy, resonant excitation, and standing-wave
effects, as well as theoretical calculations of the electronic structure at
several levels and of the actual photoemission process. Standing-wave
measurements below and above a strong resonance have been introduced as a
powerful method for studying the 2DEG depth distribution. We have thus
characterized the spatial and momentum properties of this 2DEG with
unprecedented detail, determining via depth-distribution measurements that it
is spread throughout the 6 u.c. layer of STO, and measuring the momentum
dispersion of its states. The experimental results are supported in several
ways by theory, leading to a much more complete picture of the nature of this
2DEG, and suggesting that oxygen vacancies are not the origin of it. Similar
multi-technique photoemission studies of such states at buried interfaces,
combined with comparable theory, will be a very fruitful future approach for
exploring and modifying the fascinating world of buried-interface physics and
chemistry.Comment: 34 pages, 10 figure
Tree Animation for a 3D Interactive Visualization System for Hurricane Impacts
This paper describes an implementation of vertex weighting for real-time animation of 3D trees as a result of wind force and direction. This method improves over similar techniques because it incorporates individual branch animation on 3D models, whereas previous works perform animations on the model as a whole or use planar billboards to visualize the tree. Our tree animation is used in an interactive system that visualizes the effects caused by a hurricane’s impact on a virtual city. The system uses models created with 3D Studio Max and the animations are implemented in OpenGL and the nVidia Cg shader language. 1