98 research outputs found
Kinematics of SDSS subdwarfs: Structure and substructure of the Milky Way halo
We construct a new sample of ~1700 solar neighbourhood halo subdwarfs from
the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, selected using a reduced proper motion diagram.
Radial velocities come from the SDSS spectra and proper motions from the
light-motion curve catalogue of Bramich et al. (2008). Using a photometric
parallax relation to estimate distances gives us the full phase-space
coordinates. Typical velocity errors are in the range 30-50 km/s. This halo
sample is one of the largest constructed to-date and the disc contamination is
at a level of < 1 per cent. This enables us to calculate the halo velocity
dispersion to excellent accuracy. We find that the velocity dispersion tensor
is aligned in spherical polar coordinates and that (sigma_r, sigma_phi,
sigma_theta) = (143 \pm 2, 82 \pm 2, 77 \pm 2) km/s. The stellar halo exhibits
no net rotation, although the distribution of v_phi shows tentative evidence
for asymmetry. The kinematics are consistent with a mildly flattened stellar
density falling with distance like r^{-3.75}. Using the full phase-space
coordinates, we look for signs of kinematic substructure in the stellar halo.
We find evidence for four discrete overdensities localised in angular momentum
and suggest that they may be possible accretion remnants. The most prominent is
the solar neighbourhood stream previously identified by Helmi et al. (1999),
but the remaining three are new. One of these overdensities is potentially
associated with a group of four globular clusters (NGC5466, NGC6934, M2 and
M13) and raises the possibility that these could have been accreted as part of
a much larger progenitor.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, MNRAS (in press). Revised following referee's
comments; using new and improved parallax relation. Results and conclusions
unchange
Probing the Halo From the Solar Vicinity to the Outer Galaxy: Connecting Stars in Local Velocity Structures to Large-Scale Clouds
(Abridged) This paper presents the first connections made between two local
features in velocity-space found in a survey of M giant stars and stellar
spatial inhomogeneities on global scales. Comparison to cosmological,
chemodynamical stellar halo models confirm that the M giant population is
particularly sensitive to rare, recent and massive accretion events. These
events can give rise to local observed velocity sequences - a signature of a
small fraction of debris from a common progenitor, passing at high velocity
through the survey volume, near the pericenters of their eccentric orbits. The
majority of the debris is found in much larger structures, whose morphologies
are more cloud-like than stream-like and which lie at the orbital apocenters.
Adopting this interpretation, the full-space motions represented by the
observed velocity features are derived under the assumption that the members
within each sequence share a common velocity. Orbit integrations are then used
to trace the past and future trajectories of these stars across the sky
revealing plausible associations with large, previously-discovered, cloud-like
structures. The connections made between nearby velocity structures and these
distant clouds represent preliminary steps towards developing coherent maps of
such giant debris systems. These maps promise to provide new insights into the
origin of debris clouds, new probes of Galactic history and structure, and new
constraints on the high-velocity tails of the local dark matter distribution
that are essential for interpreting direct detection experiments.Comment: submitted to the Astrophysical Journal, 40 pages, 13 figure
The stellar halo of the Galaxy
Stellar halos may hold some of the best preserved fossils of the formation
history of galaxies. They are a natural product of the merging processes that
probably take place during the assembly of a galaxy, and hence may well be the
most ubiquitous component of galaxies, independently of their Hubble type. This
review focuses on our current understanding of the spatial structure, the
kinematics and chemistry of halo stars in the Milky Way. In recent years, we
have experienced a change in paradigm thanks to the discovery of large amounts
of substructure, especially in the outer halo. I discuss the implications of
the currently available observational constraints and fold them into several
possible formation scenarios. Unraveling the formation of the Galactic halo
will be possible in the near future through a combination of large wide field
photometric and spectroscopic surveys, and especially in the era of Gaia.Comment: 46 pages, 16 figures. References updated and some minor changes.
Full-resolution version available at
http://www.astro.rug.nl/~ahelmi/stellar-halo-review.pd
Multiple populations in globular clusters. Lessons learned from the Milky Way globular clusters
Recent progress in studies of globular clusters has shown that they are not
simple stellar populations, being rather made of multiple generations. Evidence
stems both from photometry and spectroscopy. A new paradigm is then arising for
the formation of massive star clusters, which includes several episodes of star
formation. While this provides an explanation for several features of globular
clusters, including the second parameter problem, it also opens new
perspectives about the relation between globular clusters and the halo of our
Galaxy, and by extension of all populations with a high specific frequency of
globular clusters, such as, e.g., giant elliptical galaxies. We review progress
in this area, focusing on the most recent studies. Several points remain to be
properly understood, in particular those concerning the nature of the polluters
producing the abundance pattern in the clusters and the typical timescale, the
range of cluster masses where this phenomenon is active, and the relation
between globular clusters and other satellites of our Galaxy.Comment: In press (The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
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Performing television history
An expanded conception of performance study can disturb current theoretical and historical assumptions about television’s medial identity. The article considers how to write histories of the dominant forms and assumptions about performance in British and American television drama, and analyses how acting is situated in relation to the multiple meaning-making components of television. A longitudinal, wide-ranging analysis is briefly sketched to show that the concept of performance, from acting to the display of television’s mediating capability, can extend to the analysis of how the television medium ‘performed’ its own identity to shape its distinctiveness in specific historical circumstances
An Overview of the 2014 ALMA Long Baseline Campaign
A major goal of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is to
make accurate images with resolutions of tens of milliarcseconds, which at
submillimeter (submm) wavelengths requires baselines up to ~15 km. To develop
and test this capability, a Long Baseline Campaign (LBC) was carried out from
September to late November 2014, culminating in end-to-end observations,
calibrations, and imaging of selected Science Verification (SV) targets. This
paper presents an overview of the campaign and its main results, including an
investigation of the short-term coherence properties and systematic phase
errors over the long baselines at the ALMA site, a summary of the SV targets
and observations, and recommendations for science observing strategies at long
baselines. Deep ALMA images of the quasar 3C138 at 97 and 241 GHz are also
compared to VLA 43 GHz results, demonstrating an agreement at a level of a few
percent. As a result of the extensive program of LBC testing, the highly
successful SV imaging at long baselines achieved angular resolutions as fine as
19 mas at ~350 GHz. Observing with ALMA on baselines of up to 15 km is now
possible, and opens up new parameter space for submm astronomy.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journal Letters; this version with small changes to
affiliation
Halo streams in the 7th SDSS data release
We have detected stellar halo streams in the solar neighborhood using data
from the 7th public data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), which
includes the directed stellar program SEGUE: Sloan Extension For Galactic
Understanding and Exploration. In order to derive distances to each star, we
used the metallicity-dependent photometric parallax relation from Ivezic et al.
(2008) for which we examine and quantify the accuracy. Our final sample
consists of 22,321 nearby (d < 2 kpc), metal-poor ([Fe/H] < -0.5) main-sequence
stars with 6D estimates of position and space velocity. We characterize the
orbits of these stars through suitable kinematic proxies for their "effective"
integrals of motion, angular momentum, eccentricity, and orbital polar angle
and compare the observed distribution to expectations from a smooth
distribution in four [Fe/H] bins. On this basis we identify at least five
significant "phase-space overdensities" of stars on very similar orbits in the
solar neighborhood to which we can assign unambiguously peaked [Fe/H]
distributions. Three of them have been identified previously, including the
halo stream discovered by Helmi et al. (1999) at a significance level of 12.0.
In addition, we find at least two new genuine halo streams, judged by their
kinematics and [Fe/H], at significance levels of 2.9 and 4.8, respectively. For
one stream the stars even show coherence in configuration space, matching a
spatial overdensity of stars found by Juric et al. (2008) at (R,z) \approx
(9.5,0.8) kpc. Our results demonstrate the practical power of our search method
to detect substructure in the phase-space distribution of nearby stars without
making a-priori assumptions about the detailed form of the gravitational
potential.Comment: 57 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
FcγRIIb Inhibits Allergic Lung Inflammation in a Murine Model of Allergic Asthma
Allergic asthma is characterized by airway eosinophilia, increased mucin production and allergen-specific IgE. Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb), an inhibitory IgG receptor, has recently emerged as a negative regulator of allergic diseases like anaphylaxis and allergic rhinitis. However, no studies to date have evaluated its role in allergic asthma. Our main objective was to study the role of FcγRIIb in allergic lung inflammation. We used a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Inflammation was quantified by BAL inflammatory cells and airway mucin production. FcγRIIb expression was measured by qPCR and flow cytometry and the cytokines were quantified by ELISA. Compared to wild type animals, FcγRIIb deficient mice mount a vigorous allergic lung inflammation characterized by increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity, eosinophilia and mucin content upon ragweed extract (RWE) challenge. RWE challenge in sensitized mice upregulated FcγRIIb in the lungs. Disruption of IFN-γ gene abrogated this upregulation. Treatment of naïve mice with the Th1-inducing agent CpG DNA increased FcγRIIb expression in the lungs. Furthermore, treatment of sensitized mice with CpG DNA prior to RWE challenge induced greater upregulation of FcγRIIb than RWE challenge alone. These observations indicated that RWE challenge upregulated FcγRIIb in the lungs by IFN-γ- and Th1-dependent mechanisms. RWE challenge upregulated FcγRIIb on pulmonary CD14+/MHC II+ mononuclear cells and CD11c+ cells. FcγRIIb deficient mice also exhibited an exaggerated RWE-specific IgE response upon sensitization when compared to wild type mice. We propose that FcγRIIb physiologically regulates allergic airway inflammation by two mechanisms: 1) allergen challenge mediates upregulation of FcγRIIb on pulmonary CD14+/MHC II+ mononuclear cells and CD11c+ cells by an IFN-γ dependent mechanism; and 2) by attenuating the allergen specific IgE response during sensitization. Thus, stimulating FcγRIIb may be a therapeutic strategy in allergic airway disorders
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