Grammatical Morpheme Acquisition in 4-Year-Olds With Normal, Impaired, and Late-Developing Language

The production of the grammatical morphemes studied by Brown and his colleagues was examined in free speech samples from a cohort of 4-year-olds with a history of slow expressive language development (SELD) and a control group of normal speakers. Results suggest that children with SELD acquire morphemes in an order very similar to that shown in previous acquisition research. Children who were slow to begin talking at age 2 and who continued to evidence delayed expressive language development by age 4 showed mastery of the four earliest acquired grammatical morphemes, as would be expected, based on their MLUs, which fell at Early Stage IV. Four-year-olds with normal language histories produced all but one of the grammatical morphemes with more than 90% accuracy, as would be expected based on their late Stage V MLUs. Children who were slow to acquire expressive language as toddlers, but who caught up in terms of sentence length by age 4 did not differ in MLU from their peers with normal language histories. However, they had acquired fewer of the grammatical morphemes. The implications of these findings for understanding the phenomenon of slow expressive language development are discussed

Hubungan Kualitas Tidur dan Tingkat Stres terhadap Gangguan Menstruasi pada Mahasiswi Program Studi Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas Angkatan 2015

Menstruasi adalah proses meluruhnya dinding endometrium yang melibatkan keluarnya darah dari uterus melalui vagina. Faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi menstruasi adalah kualitas tidur dan stres. Kualitas tidur dan stres meransang aksi hipotalamus pituitary adrenal yang dapat mempengaruhi keseimbangan hormon reporoduksi wanita yang akan berakibat pada gangguan menstruasi. Tujuan peneltitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan kualitas tidur dan tingkat stres terhadap gangguan menstruasi pada mahasiswi prodi kedokteran fakultas kedokteran universitas andalas. Penelitian ini menggunakan analitik asosiatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel adalah simple random sampling dengan total sampel adalah 130 responden sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditentukan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan agustus 2018 hingga februari 2019 menggunakan kuesioner PSQI, DASS 42 dan gangguan menstruasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 72.3% responden mengalami kualitas tidur terganggu, 39.2% mengalami gangguan stres, dan 58.5% mengalami gangguan menstruasi. Hasil analisis kualitas tidur terhadap gangguan menstruasi diperoleh nilai p = 0.027 (p<0.05). Hubungan tingkat stress terhadap gangguan menstruasi didapatkan nilai p = 0.005 (p<0.05). Hasil ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kualitas tidur dan stres terhadap gangguan menstruasi pada mahasiswi angkatan 2015 Prodi Kedokteran Fakultas Kedokteran. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah semakin tinggi angka kejadian gangguan kualitas tidur dan tingkat stres maka akan semakin tinggi angka kejadian gangguan menstruasi. Kata Kunci: Stres, kualitas tidur, gangguan menstruasi, PSQI, DASS 4

Molecular Layer Deposition Using Ring-Opening Reactions : Molecular Modeling of the Film Growth and the Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide

Published under an ACS AuthorChoice licenseNovel coating materials are constantly needed for current and future applications in the area of microelectronics, biocompatible materials, and energy-related devices. Molecular layer deposition (MLD) is answering this cry and is an increasingly important coating method for organic and hybrid organic-inorganic thin films. In this study, we have focused on hybrid inorganic-organic coatings, based on trimethylaluminum, monofunctional aromatic precursors, and ring-opening reactions with ozone. We present the MLD processes, where the films are produced with trimethylaluminum, one of the three aromatic precursors (phenol, 3-(trifluoromethyl) phenol, and 2-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde), ozone, and the fourth precursor, hydrogen peroxide. According to the in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements, the hydrogen peroxide reacts with the surface carboxylic acid group, forming a peroxyacid structure (C(O)-O-OH), in the case of all three processes. In addition, molecular modeling for the processes with three different aromatic precursors was carried out. When combining these modeling results with the experimental research data, new interesting aspects of the film growth, reactions, and properties are exploited.Peer reviewe

Comparison of the Growth and Thermal Properties of Nonwoven Polymers after Atomic Layer Deposition and Vapor Phase Infiltration

The growth mechanism of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on polymeric surfaces differs from growth on inorganic solid substrates, such as silicon wafer or glass. In this paper, we report the growth experiments of Al2O3 and ZnO on nonwoven poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polyethersulphone (PES) and cellulose acetate (CA) fibres. Material growth in both ALD and infiltration mode was studied. The structures were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), attenuated total reflectance-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were used to explore the effect of ALD deposition on the thermal properties of the CA polymer. According to the SEM, STEM and ATR-FTIR analysis, the growth of Al2O3 was more uniform than ZnO on each of the polymers studied. In addition, according to ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, the infiltration resulted in interactions between the polymers and the ALD precursors. Thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) revealed a slower depolymerization process and better thermal resistance upon heating both in ALD-coated and infiltrated fibres, more pronounced on the latter type of structures, as seen from smaller endothermic peaks on TA

Comparison of the Growth and Thermal Properties of Nonwoven Polymers after Atomic Layer Deposition and Vapor Phase Infiltration

The growth mechanism of Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on polymeric surfaces differs from growth on inorganic solid substrates, such as silicon wafer or glass. In this paper, we report the growth experiments of Al2O3 and ZnO on nonwoven poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polyethersulphone (PES) and cellulose acetate (CA) fibres. Material growth in both ALD and infiltration mode was studied. The structures were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), attenuated total reflectance-fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were used to explore the effect of ALD deposition on the thermal properties of the CA polymer. According to the SEM, STEM and ATR-FTIR analysis, the growth of Al2O3 was more uniform than ZnO on each of the polymers studied. In addition, according to ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, the infiltration resulted in interactions between the polymers and the ALD precursors. Thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) revealed a slower depolymerization process and better thermal resistance upon heating both in ALD-coated and infiltrated fibres, more pronounced on the latter type of structures, as seen from smaller endothermic peaks on TA