REAL DESEMPENHO EDUCACIONAL EM COMPARAÇÃO AOS VALORES DOS INDICADORES EDUCACIONAIS: UMA ANÁLISE DO IFDM DE MATO GROSSO, 2005-2015

Education is one of the key variables that determines the level of development of a society and its offer must meet social needs. The purpose of this work is to verify whether the estimated values of the Educational Municipal Development Index (MDF) reflect the real performance of education, and its agents, in the municipalities of the State of Mato Grosso (MT), between 2005 and 2015. Thus, exploratory analyses of the MFI data were performed, focusing on the educational index, assuming the idea that the high MIF, compared to reality, does not reflect the real educational level of the municipalities of Mato Grosso. The results found were that, although 88% of the municipalities of MT presented a moderately developed MDM, the performance of the ten municipalities with higher MDM with the lowest ten, the results, both in the Brazil Test and in the ENEM, were similar, differing only in the number of participating schools.A educação é uma das variáveis chaves que determina o nível de desenvolvimento de uma sociedade e sua oferta deve atender as necessidades sociais. A finalidade deste trabalho é verificar se os valores estimados do Índice de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM) educacional refletem o real desempenho da educação, e seus agentes, nos municípios do Estado de Mato Grosso (MT), entre 2005 e 2015. Assim, foram realizadas análises exploratórias dos dados do IFDM, com foco no Índice educacional, assumindo a ideia de que o IFDM elevado, em comparação com a realidade, não reflete o real nível educacional dos municípios mato-grossenses. Os resultados encontrados foram que, apesar de 88% dos municípios de MT apresentarem um IFDM de moderadamente desenvolvidos, o desempenho dos dez municípios com IFDM mais elevados com os dez mais baixos, os resultados, tanto na Prova Brasil quanto no ENEM, foram semelhantes, diferindo-se apenas na quantidade de escolas participantes

REAL DESEMPENHO EDUCACIONAL EM COMPARAÇÃO AOS VALORES DOS INDICADORES EDUCACIONAIS: UMA ANÁLISE DO IFDM DE MATO GROSSO, 2005-2015

Education is one of the key variables that determines the level of development of a society and its offer must meet social needs. The purpose of this work is to verify whether the estimated values of the Educational Municipal Development Index (MDF) reflect the real performance of education, and its agents, in the municipalities of the State of Mato Grosso (MT), between 2005 and 2015. Thus, exploratory analyses of the MFI data were performed, focusing on the educational index, assuming the idea that the high MIF, compared to reality, does not reflect the real educational level of the municipalities of Mato Grosso. The results found were that, although 88% of the municipalities of MT presented a moderately developed MDM, the performance of the ten municipalities with higher MDM with the lowest ten, the results, both in the Brazil Test and in the ENEM, were similar, differing only in the number of participating schools.A educação é uma das variáveis chaves que determina o nível de desenvolvimento de uma sociedade e sua oferta deve atender as necessidades sociais. A finalidade deste trabalho é verificar se os valores estimados do Índice de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM) educacional refletem o real desempenho da educação, e seus agentes, nos municípios do Estado de Mato Grosso (MT), entre 2005 e 2015. Assim, foram realizadas análises exploratórias dos dados do IFDM, com foco no Índice educacional, assumindo a ideia de que o IFDM elevado, em comparação com a realidade, não reflete o real nível educacional dos municípios mato-grossenses. Os resultados encontrados foram que, apesar de 88% dos municípios de MT apresentarem um IFDM de moderadamente desenvolvidos, o desempenho dos dez municípios com IFDM mais elevados com os dez mais baixos, os resultados, tanto na Prova Brasil quanto no ENEM, foram semelhantes, diferindo-se apenas na quantidade de escolas participantes

Differential responses of emergent intertidal coral reef fauna to a large-scale El-Niño southern oscillation event: sponge and coral resilience.

There is a paucity of information on the impacts of the 1997-8 El Niño event and subsequent climatic episodes on emergent intertidal coral reef assemblages. Given the environmental variability intertidal reefs experience, such reefs may potentially be more resilient to climatic events and provide important insights into the adaptation of reef fauna to future ocean warming. Here we report the results of a 17-year (1995-2011) biodiversity survey of four emergent coral reef ecosystems in Bahia, Brazil, to assess the impact of a major El Niño event on the reef fauna, and determine any subsequent recovery. The densities of two species of coral, Favia gravida and Siderastrea stellata, did not vary significantly across the survey period, indicating a high degree of tolerance to the El Niño associated stress. However, there were marked decreases in the diversity of other taxa. Molluscs, bryozoans and ascidians suffered severe declines in diversity and abundance and had not recovered to pre-El Niño levels by the end of the study. Echinoderms were reduced to a single species in 1999, Echinometra lucunter, although diversity levels had recovered by 2002. Sponge assemblages were not impacted by the 1997-8 event and their densities had increased by the study end. Multivariate analysis indicated that a stable invertebrate community had re-established on the reefs after the El Niño event, but it has a different overall composition to the pre-El Niño community. It is unclear if community recovery will continue given more time, but our study highlights that any increase in the frequency of large-scale climatic events to more than one a decade is likely to result in a persistent lower-diversity state. Our results also suggest some coral and sponge species are particularly resilient to the El Niño-associated stress and therefore represent suitable models to investigate temperature adaptation in reef organisms

Tolerance of sponge assemblages to temperature anomalies: resilience and proliferation of sponges following the 1997-8 El-Niño southern oscillation.

Coral reefs across the world are under threat from a range of stressors, and while there has been considerable focus on the impacts of these stressors on corals, far less is known about their effect on other reef organisms. The 1997-8 El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) had notable and severe impacts on coral reefs worldwide, but not all reef organisms were negatively impacted by this large-scale event. Here we describe how the sponge fauna at Bahia, Brazil was influenced by the 1997-8 ENSO event. Sponge assemblages from three contrasting reef habitats (reef tops, walls and shallow banks) at four sites were assessed annually from 1995 to 2011. The within-habitat sponge diversity did not vary significantly across the study period; however, there was a significant increase in density in all habitats. Multivariate analyses revealed no significant difference in sponge assemblage composition (ANOSIM) between pre- and post-ENSO years for any of the habitats, suggesting that neither the 1997-8 nor any subsequent smaller ENSO events have had any measurable impact on the reef sponge assemblage. Importantly, this is in marked contrast to the results previously reported for a suite of other taxa (including corals, echinoderms, bryozoans, and ascidians), which all suffered mass mortalities as a result of the ENSO event. Our results suggest that of all reef taxa, sponges have the potential to be resilient to large-scale thermal stress events and we hypothesize that sponges might be less affected by projected increases in sea surface temperature compared to other major groups of reef organisms

Severe Impact and Subsequent Recovery of a Coral Assemblage following the 1997–8 El Niño Event: A 17-Year Study from Bahia, Brazil

The coral reefs of northern Bahia evolved in isolation from other Atlantic systems and under conditions of high environmental stress, particularly high turbidity. We have monitored the scleractinian assemblage of four shallow bank reefs (Praia do Forte, Itacimirim, Guarajuba and Abai) annually for 17 years since 1995, collecting quantitative data on diversity and density of coral colonies. As the sampling period included the 1997-8 El Niño event, the most severe on record, for the first time these results allow a quantitative assessment of the long-term impact of this major environmental stressor on such a coral assemblage. After El Niño, most species showed significantly reduced densities of colonies, this decline occurring for the subsequent two years without evidence of any new settlement until 2001. From 2000 to 2007 the species Porites astreoides went unrecorded. Recovery was slow, and multivariate analysis revealed that assemblages had not returned to the pre-El Niño state until 2011. It therefore took 13 years for full recovery of the coral assemblage to occur, which has consequences for reef systems if such El-Niño events become more frequent in the future

Shallow-water Campanulariidae (Hydrozoa, Leptothecatae) from Northern Bahía, Brazil

This study provides the first semi-quantititative account of the benthic campanulariid hydroids from Northern Bahia (Brazil), down to a depth of 60 m, based largely on collections obtained since 1992. Colonies were collected from six habitats along the coast of Salvador City, Todos os Santos Bay, Itaparica Island and at the northernmost part of the coast of the State of Bahia. From the 982 colonies examined, nine species were recorded: Campanularia hincksii, Clytia gracilis, C. hemisphaerica, C. hummelincki, C. linearis, C. macrotheca, C. noliformis, Obelia bidentata and O. dichotoma. Following a defined abundance scale, Clytia gracilis and C. noliformis were the most abundant species, whereas Campanularia hincksii and Clytia hummelincki were rare. Cluster analysis of relative abundance data revealed sandy shores had a markedly different hydroid community from other habitats. A simplified identification key, redescriptions, illustrations and data on nematocyst compliment are provided for each species. Campanularia hincksii, Clytia macrotheca and C. noliformis are reported from Brazil for the first time.La familia Campanulariidae es relativamente bien conocida, sin embargo varios aspectos de su biología y ecología no han sido aclarados. Este estudio presenta el primer enfoque semicuantitativo sobre los hidroidos campanularidos del noreste del Brasil, distribuidos hasta los 60 metros de profundidad y se basa en colecciones obtenidas desde 1992. Las colonias fueron colectadas de seis hábitats a lo largo de la costa de Ciudad de Salvador, Bahía de Todos os Santos, Isla de Itaparica hasta la región norte de la costa del estado de Bahia. Se registraron nueve especies de las 982 colonias examinadas: Campanularia hincksii, Clytia gracilis, C.hemisphaerica, C. Hummelincki, C. Linearis, C. Macrotheca, C. Noliformis, Obelia bidentata y O. Dichotoma. En la escala de abundancia Clytia gracilis y C. Noliformis fueron las especies más abundantes, mientras que Campanularia hincksii y Clytia hummelincki fueron las especies raras. El análisis de clasificación con datos de abundancia relativa mostró que las costas arenosas poseen una comunidad de hidroidos muy diferente a la de los otros hábitats. Se proporciona una clave simplificada de identificación, redescripciones, ilustraciones y un estudio del cnidoma para cada especie. Campanularia hincksii, Clytia macrotheca y C. noliformis se informan por primera vez para Brasil