110 research outputs found
Cohabitation, nonmarital childbearing, and the marriage process
Past work on the relationship between cohabitation and childbearing shows that cohabitation increases fertility compared to being single, and does so more for intended than unintended births. Most work in this area, however, does not address concerns that fertility and union formation are joint processes, and that failing to account for the joint nature of these decisions can bias estimates of cohabitation on childbearing. For example, cohabitors may be more likely to plan births because they see cohabitation as an acceptable context for childbearing; alternatively, they may be more likely to marry than their single counterparts. In this paper, I use a modeling approach that accounts for the stable, unobserved characteristics of women common to nonmarital fertility and union formation as a way of estimating the effect of cohabitation on nonmarital fertility net of cohabitorsâ potentially greater likelihood of marriage. I distinguish between intended and unintended fertility to better understand variation in the perceived acceptability of cohabitation as a setting for childbearing. I find that accounting for unmeasured heterogeneity reduces the estimated effect of cohabitation on intended childbearing outside of marriage by up to 50%, depending on race/ethnicity. These results speak to cohabitationâs evolving place in the family system, suggesting that cohabitation may be a step on the way to marriage for some, but an end in itself for others.cohabitation, family, marriage, nonmarital fertility, pregnancy intention status, unobserved heterogeneity
Mothersâ Time, the Parenting Package, and Links to Healthy Child Development
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142163/1/jomf12432_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142163/2/jomf12432.pd
US parents enjoy time with childrenâbut moms feel more strain
Compared to past decades, children receive more time, effort, and interest from their parents. While this is likely to be of benefit to children, what are the impacts on the well-being of parents? In new research, which examines time diary data from over 12,000 respondents between 2010 and 2013, Kelly Musick, Ann Meier and Sarah Flood find that mothers spend more time with children performing chores such as basic childcare and housework, while fathers spend more time with children in leisure activities. Mothers and fathers also differ in the quantity and quality of their downtime. The disparities in stress and fatigue that mothers and fathers experience in their different activities throughout the day can be linked to lower levels of parental well-being
Change and Variation in Couples\u27 Earnings Equality Following Parenthood
Couplesâ earnings equality declines substantially following a first birth, when time commitments at home and on the labor market diverge. In the context of broad increases in gender equality and growing socioeconomic disparities along various dimensions of family life, we examine changes in within-family earnings equality following parenthood and the extent to which they have played out differently by mothersâ education. Our analysis relies on links between rich surveys and administrative tax records that provide high quality earnings data for husbands and wives spanning two years before and up to 10 years following cohorts of first births from the 1980s to the 2000s (Survey of Income and Program Participation Synthetic Beta files; N =131,400 married couples and 21,300 first birth transitions). We find that wivesâ share of couple earnings declined after parenthood, changes were relatively modest over time, and these were mostly concentrated among the earliest cohort of parents. The magnitude of decline in her earnings share was substantial, dropping 13 percentage points following first birth in the 1980s and 10 percentage points in the 2000s, after accounting for time-invariant couple characteristics and year and age fixed effects. We find few differences in her earnings share changes over time by motherâs education, and we identify mothersâ employment as a key mechanism of change across education groups. Wivesâ financial dependence on their husbands increases substantially after parenthood, irrespective of education and cohort, with implications for womenâs vulnerability, particularly in the U.S. where divorce remains common and public support for families is weak
Changes in Couplesâ Earnings Following Parenthood and Trends in Family Earnings Inequality
The growing economic similarity of spouses has contributed to rising income inequality across households. Explanations have typically centered on assortative mating, but recent work has argued that changes in womenâs employment and spousesâ division of paid work have played a more important role. We expand this work to consider the critical turning point of parenthood in shaping couplesâ division of employment and earnings. Drawing on three U.S. nationally representative surveys, we examine the role of parenthood in spousesâ earnings correlations between 1968-2015 and ask to what extent changes in spousesâ earnings correlations are due to: (1) changes upon entry into marriage (assortative mating), (2) changes between marriage and parenthood, (3) changes following parenthood, and (4) changes in womenâs employment. Our findings show that increases in the correlation between spousesâ earnings prior to 1990 came largely from changes between marriage and first birth, but after 1990 have come almost entirely from changes following parenthood. In both instances, changes in womenâ employment are key to increasing earnings correlations. Changes in assortative mating played little role in either time period. An assessment of the aggregate-level implications points to the growing significance of earnings similarity after parenthood for rising income inequality across families
The Effect of Income on Educational Attainment: Evidence from State Earned Income Tax Credit Expansions
As of the early 2000s, the gap in college enrollment between children growing up in the highest income quartile and the lowest income quartile was over 50 percentage points (Bailey and Dynarski 2011). While previous work has analyzed the impact of various federal and state financial aid programs on college enrollment rates among low and moderate-income households, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has largely been overlooked as a potential source of financial aid. As of the 2011 tax year, the maximum federal EITC benefit was nearly 1,000, 18-23 year old children growing up in likely EITC-eligible households are 1 percentage point more likely to have ever enrolled in college and 0.3 percentage points more likely to complete a bachelorâs degree
Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: Nursing discipline
Integration of the nursing discipline within cooperative groups conducting pediatric oncology clinical trials provides unique opportunities to maximize nursing's contribution to clinical care, and to pursue research questions that extend beyond cure of disease to address important gaps in knowledge surrounding the illness experience. Key areas of importance to the advancement of the nursing discipline's scientific knowledge are understanding the effective delivery of patient/family education, and reducing illnessârelated distress, both of which are integral to facilitating parental/child coping with the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer, and to promoting resilience and wellâbeing of pediatric oncology patients and their families. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 1031â1036. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97507/1/24415_ftp.pd
Comprehensiveness of HIV care provided at global HIV treatment sites in the IeDEA consortium: 2009 and 2014.
INTRODUCTION
An important determinant of the effectiveness of HIV treatment programs is the capacity of sites to implement recommended services and identify systematic changes needed to ensure that invested resources translate into improved patient outcomes. We conducted a survey in 2014 of HIV care and treatment sites in the seven regions of the International epidemiologic Database to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Consortium to evaluate facility characteristics, HIV prevention, care and treatment services provided, laboratory capacity, and trends in the comprehensiveness of care compared to data obtained in the 2009 baseline survey.
METHODS
Clinical staff from 262 treatment sites in 45 countries in IeDEA completed a site survey from September 2014 to January 2015, including Asia-Pacific with Australia (Â =Â 50), Latin America and the Caribbean (Â =Â 11), North America (Â =Â 45), Central Africa (Â =Â 17), East Africa (Â =Â 36), Southern Africa (Â =Â 87), and West Africa (Â =Â 16). For the 55 sites with complete data from both the 2009 and 2014 survey, we evaluated change in comprehensiveness of care.
RESULTS
The majority of the 262 sites (61%) offered seven essential services (ART adherence, nutritional support, PMTCT, CD4+ cell count testing, tuberculosis screening, HIV prevention, and outreach). Sites that were publicly funded (64%), cared for adults and children (68%), low or middle Human Development Index (HDI) rank (68%, 68%), and received PEPFAR support (71%) were most often fully comprehensive. CD4+ cell count testing was universally available (98%) but only 62% of clinics offered it onsite. Approximately two-thirds (69%) of sites reported routine viral load testing (44-100%), with 39% having it onsite. Laboratory capacity to monitor antiretroviral-related toxicity and diagnose opportunistic infections varied widely by testing modality and region. In the subgroup of 55 sites with two surveys, comprehensiveness of services provided significantly increased across all regions from 2009 to 2014 (5.7 to 6.5, < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The availability of viral load monitoring remains suboptimal and should be a focus for site capacity, particularly in East and Southern Africa, where the majority of those initiating on ART reside. However, the comprehensiveness of care provided increased over the past 5Â years and was related to type of funding received (publicly funded and PEPFAR supported)
Education Differences in Intended and Unintended Fertility
Using a hazards framework and panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey
of Youth (1979-2004), we analyze the fertility patterns of a recent cohort of white
and black women in the United States. We examine how completed fertility varies by
womenâs education, differentiating between intended and unintended births. We find
that the education gradient on fertility comes largely from unintended childbearing,
and it is not explained by child-bearing desires or opportunity costs, the two most
common explanations in previous research. Less-educated women want no more children
than the more educated, so this factor explains none of their higher completed
fertility. Less-educated women have lower wages, but wages have little of the negative
effect on fertility predicted by economic theories of opportunity cost. We propose
three other potential mechanisms linking low education and unintended childbearing,
focusing on access to contraception and abortion, relational and economic uncertainty,
and consistency in the behaviors necessary to avoid unintended pregnancies.
Our work highlights the need to incorporate these mechanisms into future research
Are Both Parents Always Better Than One? Parental Conflict and Young Adult Well-Being.
Rural New York Minute, Issue 2
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